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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Sino-Soviet Relations

Nikita Khrushchev Collection

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893 - 1976

Cuba's National Capitol Building, January 2010.

Central America and Caribbean

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The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894 - 1971

Cuban Foreign Relations

Photograph of Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, 1945

Chinese Civil War, 1946-1950

Making of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945-1950

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879 - 1953

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

Uyghur man in Xinjiang

China

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Jawaharlal Nehru, 1949

Nehru, Jawaharlal

1889 - 1964

Placeholder image for when a portrait image is not available

Alekseyev, Alexander Ivanovich

1913 - 1989

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November 27, 1958	N. Kurmyshev, Secretary of the Consulate General of the USSR In Urumqi, ‘Report on Strengthening the United People's Democratic Front and Advancing Socialist Transformation in Xinjiang’ On November 27, 1958, the Soviet Consulate General in Urumqi reported on efforts to strengthen the United People's Democratic Front in Xinjiang, China, aimed at uniting diverse ethnic, social, and religious groups under the leadership of the Communist Party. The report detailed the integration of women, traders, industrialists, and religious leaders into socialist reforms, as well as campaigns to combat rightist elements and local nationalism.
August 28, 1958	From the Journal of A.A. Brezhnev, 'Record of a Conversation with Zhang Liguang, Chief of the PRC MFA Socialist Countries Protocol Department, 15 August 1958' On August 15, 1958, Soviet diplomat A.A. Brezhnev spoke with Zhang Liguang, head of the PRC Foreign Ministry's Socialist Countries Protocol Department, during a reception in Beijing to discuss international reactions to the recent meeting between Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and Chinese leader Mao Zedong. Zhang reported heightened interest from foreign diplomats, particularly from India.
May 23, 1958	From the Journal of S.F. Antonov, 'Record of a Conversation with Cde. Mao Zedong' On May 23, 1958, Mao Zedong met in Beijing with Soviet official N.I. Bobrovnikov to discuss China's political and economic developments. Mao emphasized the successes of socialism in the PRC, the ongoing struggle against rightists, and the importance of fighting revisionism, particularly criticizing Yugoslavia's policies. He praised Soviet support, expressed optimism about China's agricultural and industrial progress, and dismissed concerns over a lack of US. recognition.
November 23, 1979	From the Journal of A.F. Dobrynin, 'Record of a Conversation with Z Former US Secretary of State Kissinger, 23 November 1979’ In this November 1979 conversation, Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin confronted former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger over his increasingly anti-Soviet rhetoric and alignment with Republican hardliners, which Dobrynin criticized as opportunistic and damaging to détente. Kissinger defended his shift as a tactical response to domestic political pressures and his ambitions to return to government, while still insisting he valued stable Soviet-American relations. The discussion also touched on US fears of instability in Saudi Arabia, the strategic implications of Soviet and Cuban involvement in Africa, and Kissinger's belief in the need for a tacit division of global influence between the superpowers.
September 1982	For a Conversation with Prime Minister of India I. Gandhi (Privately) Material sent to L. I. Brezhnev in preparation for a private conversation with I. Gandhi. Potential topics for conversation include the Soviet Union's commitment to strengthening India's defense capability, India's role in the non-aligned movement, and recent steps in the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations.
September 3, 1968	The Position of the Communist Party of Cuba Towards the Conference of the Communist Parties and the Problems of the International Revolutionary Movement This report describes how the Cuban Communist Party's position diverges from the broader international communist movement and how it desires to maintain neutrality in Sino-Soviet disputes.
June 4, 1969	Cipher No. 6247 from Havana This document discusses Cuba's decision to send observers to a Soviet-led conference, highlighting their shift from a previously neutral position due to pressure from Brezhnev and the Soviet Politburo. The decision, driven by the desire to maintain Soviet support during a difficult period, was met with caution due to fears of Chinese economic retaliation, signaling potential tensions in Sino-Cuban relations. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 17, 1964	Echo of Recent International Events in Cuba This document provides an in-depth analysis of Cuba's reactions to various international developments during late 1964. Cuban leaders were pleased with the radical anti-imperialist tone and diplomatic successes of the Cairo Conference of Non-Aligned Countries. Fidel Castro welcomed French President de Gaulle's anti-American stance during his Latin America trip, linking it to tensions in pro-American governments. The British Labour Party's election victory was viewed positively, fostering hopes for policies aligned with Cuba's interests. Domestically, Nikita Khrushchev's ousting in the USSR created distrust and concerns about the continuity of Soviet support. Lastly, Cuba cautiously celebrated China's first nuclear test, seeing it as a potential shift in global power dynamics favoring socialism. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
July 2, 1962	A. Krajewski, 'Assessment of Polish Position in Cuba during the Visit of Minister Rapacki, Based on the Conversations I had in Havana After his Departure' According to this Polish report, Soviet Ambassador Kudryavtsev’s dismissal was made at Fidel Castro’s explicit request.
November 24, 1962	Record of Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and Ambassador of India T. Kaul Khrushchev and Indian Ambassador T. N. Kaul met again to discuss the ongoing Sino-Indian conflict. Kaul reiterated India’s request for Soviet military support, emphasizing the threat posed by China despite the recent Chinese ceasefire proposal. Khrushchev reaffirmed the Soviet Union’s commitment to a peaceful resolution and warned against escalating militarization but confirmed that the USSR would proceed with the planned construction of an aircraft plant in India and the delivery of MiG-21 aircraft. The conversation also addressed Soviet-Chinese relations, with Khrushchev denying any military aid to China and expressing regret over the conflict between two countries friendly to the USSR. Both sides agreed on the importance of negotiations while acknowledging ongoing challenges to achieving a lasting settlement.