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Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cuban Missile Crisis

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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

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United States. Embassy (Turkey)

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Emir Farid Chehab

Emir Farid Chehab Collection

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United States. Department of State

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Finletter, Thomas K. (Thomas Knight)

1893 - 1980

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Hare, Raymond Arthur

1901 - 1994

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United States. Embassy (Italy)

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Todor Zhivkov Collection

Photograph of Robert McNamara

McNamara, Robert S.

1916 - 2009

Nikita Khrushchev Collection

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

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February 14, 1961	Record of Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and the Turkish Ambassador Fahri Korutürk Khrushchev shares details of recent Soviet economic achievements and discusses the possibility of a joint Soviet-Turkish dam project on the Aras River, which the Turkish ambassador, Fahri Korutürk, agrees to consider. Khrushchev expresses interest in improving bilateral relations, referencing historical cooperation, while briefly noting Turkey’s ties to NATO—a topic the ambassador chooses not to pursue.
October 2, 1960	Transcript of the Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, S. Sarper On October 2, 1960, Nikita Khrushchev met with Turkish Foreign Minister Selim Sarper in New York to discuss bilateral relations, disarmament, and the global political climate. Sarper conveyed greetings from General Gürsel and emphasized Turkey’s desire for good-neighborly relations based on realism and stability. Khrushchev criticized the presence of foreign military bases in Turkey, arguing they pose risks to Turkey without enhancing security, and suggested a neutral, cooperative stance for Turkey in the Black Sea region. Both leaders discussed challenges in improving Soviet-American relations and the broader Cold War context, including the recent U-2 incident. Sarper acknowledged Turkey’s economic difficulties and expressed optimism about gradual improvements in Soviet-Turkish relations. The conversation concluded with mutual agreement on the importance of diplomatic patience and fostering personal connections between leaders to achieve peace and stability. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
1904	Letter from Rostom [Stepan Zorian] to Samson [Tadeosian] An undated letter, probably produced in 1904 or 1905, handwritten in Eastern Armenian by Rostom, a co-founder of the the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), and addressed to Samson (Tadeosian), an ARF activist in Salmas in Iran’s Azerbaijan Province and participant in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.
October 4, 1990	Cable No. 1190 from Ambassador Nonoyama Tadayuki (Jordan) to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'Prime Minister Kaifu’s Visit to Jordan (Meeting with the Crown Prince)' Summary of Japanese Prime Minister Kaifu's meeting with Jordanian Crown Prince Hassan following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. During the discussion, the Crown Prince expresses the economic and political difficulties Jordan has faced following the invasion and enactment of sanctions against Iraq. In addition to asking for Japanese economic investment, he provides a description of Saddam Hussein's mindset.
October 5, 1990	Cable No. 994 from Ambassador Sengoku Takashi (Turkey) to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'The Prime Minister’s Visit to Turkey (Meeting with Prime Minister Akbulut)' Summary of Japanese Prime Minister Kaifu's meeting with Turkish Prime Minister Akbulut following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The two discuss the economic impact of the war on Turkey and Japan's plans to provide aid to the region.
October 6, 1990	Cable No. 998 from Ambassador Sengoku Takashi (Turkey) to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'Prime Minister Kaifu’s Visit to the Middle East (Meeting With Prime Minister Akbulut, Press Briefing)' Press briefing on Japanese Prime Minister Kaifu's meeting with Turkish Prime Minister Akbulut following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.
October 7, 1990	Cable No. 451 from Counselor Wanibuchi Kazuo (Saudi Arabia) to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'The Prime Minister’s Visit to Turkey (Meeting With President Ozal)' Summary of Japanese Prime Minsiter Kaifu's meeting with Turkish President Ozal. Kaifu describes his conversation with Iraqi First Deputy Prime Minister Ramadan and Ozal calls for a firm response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.
October 24, 1902	Ottoman Document on Preventing the Acquisition of a Large Estate by the Lazarists This Ottoman record from 1902 addresses a large estate (230 dönüm, around 2.3 square kilometers) in the vilayet of Aleppo (Greater Syria). It lists various options to prevent its acquisition by the Lazarists, an extremely successful religious congregation in the Empire
October 22, 1997	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with Portuguese Prime Minister Guterres on 17 October 1997, 10 a.m. - 11.15 a.m. Kohl and Guterres look into Portugal's EC presidency and the question of EC enlargement. They agree to start formal negotiations on enlargement in early 1998 as planned. Guterres stresses that Portugal would be a major victim of enlargement as it would lose out in all areas.
July 14, 1959	Notice from First Secretary Eoin MacWhite To All Irish Diplomatic Missions (Except Washington) First Secretary Eoin MacWhite informed all missions of Aiken’s concerns that U.S. nuclear information agreements with selected NATO partners could impede efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. He was nonetheless reticent when it came to lodging a formal protest, having been advised by Eoin MacWhite that a strong denunciation would be counterproductive. From MacWhite’s reading no actual nuclear information would be transferred to Allied personnel after all. The agreements related specifically to information necessary for the training of Allied personnel in the employment of U.S. atomic weapons in their hosts’ territories, so Aiken recoiled from further diplomatic protests. He appreciated the need to maintain some nuance on nuclear sharing as he pursued an East-West consensus. The strength of NATO's feelings in favor of enhanced alliance nuclear defense and cooperation in the aftermath of the Sputnik shock was well known. The Irish were aware of the Eastern bloc’s objections to NATO nuclear sharing as a dangerous precedent that strengthened NATO’s political and security position. Moscow was especially exercised by any prospect of West German access to nuclear weapons as part of the normalization of German rearmament and progress toward reunification. Moscow opposed any semblance of Bonn’s finger on the nuclear trigger, or its troops gaining proficiency with nuclear weaponry.