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Aerial view of National Mall

North America

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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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France

Nuclear Proliferation

Indian Nuclear History

Handshake between Zhao Ziyang, on the right, and Etienne Davignon

China-Western Europe Relations

Group photo from the Arms Control and Regional Security Working Group Operational Basket Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, April 4-6, 1995.

ACRS Oral History Project

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

1989 -

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Pomper, Miles

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Conversations with Zhou Enlai

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893 - 1976

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United States. Embassy (Canada)

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United States. Department of State. Bureau of Intelligence and Research

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Vest, George

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September 30, 1969	Letter no. 429 from Franco Maria Malfatti to Aldo Moro Malfatti reports on his impression of the prospects of negotiations with the Chinese in regards to establishing diplomatic relations.
April 25, 1969	Telegram Number 1797/1800, 'Chinese Foreign Policy' The French Ambassador to London reports that China is eager to open up diplomatic relations with Italy and Canada and to enter into negotiations with the United States.
December 27, 1962	Bulgarian UN Representative Milko Tarabanov, Report to Bulgarian Communist Party Politburo on Disarmament Negotiations UN Representative Milko Tarabanov reported to the Bulgarian Communist Party Politburo recent developments of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament. The report summarizes the conference's work from November 1962-December 1962, the period following the Cuban Missile Crisis. Tarabanov reports that Western powers put forward two draft agreements calling for the cessation of nuclear tests in the atmosphere, under water and in outer space, and underground--the proposals were debated during the 17th United Nations session. The Cubam Missile Crisis occurred during the conference's session. Main issues discussed after Cuban Missile Crisis included: suspension of nuclear tests, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko's proposal at the 17th session of the UN, ways to measure nuclear weapons testing, and military alliances (NATO). Tarabanov also addresses the inter workings of conference members--Western, socialist, and neutral--including disagreements among Western powers. In summary Tarabanov adds that the prospect for cessation of nuclear tests is poor, but notes that the US may consider closing military bases, though not under pressure of the Soviet Union or neutral countries.
October 21, 1964	National Intelligence Estimate NIE 4-2-64, 'Prospects for a Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Over the Next Decade' This US analysis of the likelihood of nuclear proliferation during the next decade was finished only days after the first Chinese nuclear test on 16 October. The report analyses the implications of this test, as well as programs in India, Israel, Sweden, West Germany, Italy, Japan, Canada, and others. The National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) argued that India was the only new state likely to develop nuclear weapons, concluding that “there will not be a widespread proliferation …over the next decade.”
November 9, 1962	Telegram from the Brazilian Delegation at the UN General Assembly, New York, 2:30 p.m., Friday In the XVII session of the General Assembly of the UN, the Delegates from Canada, Sweden, and Ghana referred exhaustively to the Brazilian draft about denuclearization of Latin America and expressed support to the ideas it contains.
October 25, 1962	Memorandum of Conversation between Mexican Foreign Ministry Official and Canadian Ambassador, Mexico City A meeting between the Mexican Foreign Ministry official and the Ambassador to Canada. The Canadian Ambassador says that planes from Cuba landing in Canada will be inspected for weapons, no planes from the Soviet Union will be allowed to flyover or land in Canada, and questions why the Mexican government voted the way it did on the US Resolution. To which the Mexican official replied that there were concerns over the use of military force against Cuba.
November 14, 1974	US National Security Council Memorandum, Sale of Canadian Nuclear Reactor to South Korea A National Security Council report on the potential sale of a Canadian CANDU nuclear reactor to South KOrea.
July 8, 1975	US Department of State Cable, ROKG/Canadian Negotiations on Nuclear Energy The Canadian government informs the United States that will approach the South Korean government on the rumored sale of a French nuclear reprocessing plant.
May 18, 1974	State Department cable 104613 to Consulate, Jerusalem, 'India Nuclear Explosion' The day of the test, State Department’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) rushed to update Kissinger. INR provided background on what had happened, how the United States and Canada had inadvertently helped India produce plutonium for the test device, earlier U.S. and Canadian demarches against “peaceful nuclear explosions,” and India’s capabilities to produce and deliver nuclear weapons. The report did not state whether India had made a decision to produce weapons, but it forecast that two large unsafeguarded reactors under construction could eventually “produce enough plutonium for 50-70 nuclear weapons.”
April 22, 1972	State Department Cable 69551 to US Embassy United Kingdom, 'Indian Nuclear Intentions' The Canadian embassy had asked the State Department for information on the intelligence reports from earlier in the year that an Indian nuclear test was “imminent.” The State Department denied the request, but informed the Canadians that the reports were so numerous and their “congruity, apparent reliability, and seeming credibility” so striking that it had become necessary to update official thinking about Indian intentions.