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Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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Boissevain, Gideon W.

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Nuclear Proliferation

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Roijen, Jan Herman van

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Carter, Jimmy

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Civil Society and Nuclear Risk Reduction

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Castro, Fidel

1926 - 2016

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May 8, 1962	Transcript of the Conversation Between N.S. Khrushchev and the Deputy First Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, Subandrio On May 8, 1962, N.S. Khrushchev met with Indonesian Foreign Minister Subandrio to discuss Soviet-Indonesian relations, including economic and military cooperation. Subandrio expressed gratitude for Soviet assistance in Indonesia’s struggle against Dutch colonial rule and outlined Indonesia’s plans to pursue a socialist-oriented path. The conversation also covered military aid, economic exchanges, and Soviet specialists in Indonesia, with A.N. Kosygin addressing specific agreements and financial arrangements.
January 3, 1961	Record of Conversation between Members of the Indonesian Delegation and N.S. Khrushchev During a January 1961 meeting with Khrushchev, an Indonesian delegation requested Soviet military support—including arms, aircraft, and infrastructure—to bolster defenses amid escalating Dutch activity in Western New Guinea (Papua). They also sought eased loan repayment terms, emphasizing shared anti-colonial goals and the urgency of strengthening Indonesia's position against potential unrest and foreign intervention.
August 7, 1950	Memorandum of Conversation: American Position with respect to Formosa This document summarizes a conversation between US and Dutch officials regarding American policy toward Formosa (Taiwan).
November 16, 2022	Interview with Tim Sweijs Tim Sweijs recounts his path to becoming Research Director at The Hague Center for Strategic Studies (HCSS), where he focuses on nuclear deterrence, arms control, and security strategy. He highlights nuclear weapons' role in today’s unstable geopolitical environment, especially post-Ukraine conflict, advocating for robust deterrence protocols and discussing the complexities of nuclear multipolarity. Sweijs explains the function of HCSS in fostering evidence-based security policy and mentions its collaboration with international partners, emphasizing HCSS’s unique positioning within Dutch and broader European defense communities. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
October 6, 2022	Interview with Susi Snyder Susi Snyder describes her journey from studying computer science to activism, where she engaged in nuclear disarmament and indigenous rights, particularly concerning nuclear waste at sites like Nevada’s test site. Her work expanded through positions with the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and later PAX, where she focused on humanitarian disarmament and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW). Snyder reflects on the Dutch disarmament scene, mentioning the Citizen’s Initiative and her success in engaging diverse civil society groups. She emphasizes the continued importance of public outreach to keep nuclear issues relevant and accessible in policy and public domains. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
October 14, 2022	Interview with Sico van der Meer Sico van der Meer discusses his role at the Clingendael Institute, where he focused on nuclear policy at the behest of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He reflects on the impact of nuclear weapons in global politics and the Netherlands' limited, specialized civil society dedicated to nuclear issues. Van der Meer addresses missed disarmament opportunities post-Cold War, due to lack of urgency and funding, and emphasizes the need for civil society’s role in public awareness and nuanced policy discussions, pointing to initiatives like the TPNW as examples of impactful activism. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
September 20, 2022	Interview with Peter Buijs In this interview, Peter Buijs recounts his journey into nuclear disarmament activism, influenced by his father’s views and his own medical background. He explains that his work with NVMP and IPPNW centers on raising awareness of nuclear weapons’ catastrophic risks, emphasizing prevention as the only viable option. Buijs highlights that civil society, particularly medical professionals, can exert considerable influence on policy by presenting the humanitarian and health risks of nuclear warfare. He shares successes within Dutch civil society, where NVMP’s activism has led to increased political discourse on disarmament and even influenced government policy positions. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
December 2, 2022	Interview with Gerard de Korte In this interview, Bishop Gerard de Korte discusses the Catholic Church's stance on nuclear weapons, emphasizing moral opposition to their use and the Church’s complex stance on deterrence. He notes that while nuclear disarmament is important, it has taken a backseat to more pressing social justice and environmental issues, particularly in Dutch society. De Korte highlights that the Vatican and Church leaders condemn nuclear weapons, but Dutch Catholics often support NATO's deterrence strategy, reflecting a lack of unified consensus. He concludes that a nuclear-free world would still face significant security challenges due to conventional weapon threats and international tensions. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
June 21, 1947	Telegram from the Ambassador of the Netherlands to Foreign Minister Tatarescu This letter from the Dutch Government to the Romanian Foreign Minister includes an explanation of the Marshall Plan.
July 14, 1959	Notice from First Secretary Eoin MacWhite To All Irish Diplomatic Missions (Except Washington) First Secretary Eoin MacWhite informed all missions of Aiken’s concerns that U.S. nuclear information agreements with selected NATO partners could impede efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. He was nonetheless reticent when it came to lodging a formal protest, having been advised by Eoin MacWhite that a strong denunciation would be counterproductive. From MacWhite’s reading no actual nuclear information would be transferred to Allied personnel after all. The agreements related specifically to information necessary for the training of Allied personnel in the employment of U.S. atomic weapons in their hosts’ territories, so Aiken recoiled from further diplomatic protests. He appreciated the need to maintain some nuance on nuclear sharing as he pursued an East-West consensus. The strength of NATO's feelings in favor of enhanced alliance nuclear defense and cooperation in the aftermath of the Sputnik shock was well known. The Irish were aware of the Eastern bloc’s objections to NATO nuclear sharing as a dangerous precedent that strengthened NATO’s political and security position. Moscow was especially exercised by any prospect of West German access to nuclear weapons as part of the normalization of German rearmament and progress toward reunification. Moscow opposed any semblance of Bonn’s finger on the nuclear trigger, or its troops gaining proficiency with nuclear weaponry.