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Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

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Eastern Europe

Bulgaria

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Eastern Europe

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

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Soviet Union. Committee for State Security (KGB)

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Project RYaN

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

Todor Zhivkov Collection

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Mitrokhin, Vasili

1922 - 2004

Mitrokhin Archive

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Kalatozov, Mikhail

1903 - 1973

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Germany (East). Ministry for State Security (Stasi)

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Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich

1914 - 1984

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Bulgaria. Ministry of Internal Affairs

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Truman with Attlee and Stalin at Potsdam

Cold War Origins

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March 29, 1955	Bulgarian Politburo Resolution B Regarding DS Intelligence Directorate Work BCP CC’s First Secretary, Vulko Chervenkov, approves Interior Minister Georgi Tsankov’s recommendations for improving the performance of the intelligence and counter-intelligence services.
September 1, 1958	Letter from T. Zhivkov to Soviet Presidium on Training of Bulgarian Military Intelligence Officers at Intelligence Courses in the USSR Todor Zhivkov requests from Moscow training of Bulgarian intelligence officers.
February 9, 1963	Proposal of the Minister of the Interior D. Dikov to Bulgarian Secretariat on Exchange of Arrested Agents between Bulgaria and Greece The Minister of Internal Affairs, Diko Dikov, seeks authorization from the BCP CC Secretariat for the proposed exchange of captured intelligence operatives between Greece and Bulgaria.
January 11, 1966	Bulgarian Politburo Resolution on Intelligence Actions Against China and Albania CC BCP Politburo approves Angel Solakov’s recommendation the State Security Committee to commence intelligence and counter-intelligence operations against PRC and Albania. In an attached report Solakov lays out the rationale for such actions. Solakov cites cases where the Chinese and Albanian intelligence services have allegedly embarked upon anti-Soviet actions in various countries of Europe, Africa, Asia and Latin America.
March 23, 1967	Bulgarian State Security Chairman Angel Solakov’s Report at a Bulgarian Communist Party Plenum According to the State Security Committee chair, Angel Solakov, there has been a major shift in the policies of the West towards the Soviet bloc. While during the 1950s military face-off was often considered an option, in the late 1960s such possibility has been largely ruled out. Consequently the US and their allies in Western Europe are focusing their efforts on fighting socialism around the world through peaceful means, such as strengthening economic and cultural ties with the Soviet bloc countries. This calls for a change in the strategy of the State Security Committee intelligence operations. Solakov also reports on the anti-Soviet activities of the Chinese and Albanian intelligence services across Europe.
September 20, 1972	Bulgarian Politburo decision on Intelligence Activity Against China BCP CC Politburo approves the request of the Minister of Internal Affairs, Angel Tzanev, for an increase in the intelligence staff in response to the need for expanding intelligence operations in China, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia and Vietnam – a move closely coordinated with the KGB.
February 19, 1973	Information from Bulgaria on the Dismissal of Charges Against Army Officers for Anti-Party and Anti-State Activity Information regarding the reaction of a group of 16 Bulgarian Armed Forces officers, discharged for “anti-party and anti-state activity”. Some of them were rehabilitated with a CC BCP Secretariat Resolution “B-9” on October 13, 1972. The BCP CC’s Military Department recommends that the State Security Committee’s Sixth Directorate continue monitoring the group. KDS should also brief regularly the BCP CC about the behavior of those former officers who have not yet been rehabilitated. While those with favorable disposition towards the Party line should be recommended for future rehabilitation, others who are still standing on “anti-party” positions must be warned in the course.
1978	Information from D. Stoyanov to T. Zhivkov on the Internal Situation and Foreign Policy of Ethiopia The Minister of Internal Affairs, Dimitar Stoyanov reports on the political situation in Ethiopia during the late 1970s. The economic hardship is pushing Mengistu’s government to accept Western aid, in addition to the support it is getting from the Soviet bloc. Mengistu also seems to be critical of the anti-Soviet policy of China.
February 9, 1987	Weekly Bulgarian State Security Review Based on intelligence sources, the Minister of Internal Affairs Dimitar Stoyanov reports on domestic political developments. Among the issues covered in the memo are the domestic repercussions of the January 1987 Plenary Session of the CPSU Central Committee, as well as the Western allegations of human rights violations in regard to Bulgaria’s policy toward the Turkish ethnic minority.
April 24, 1987	Information from D. Stoyanov to M. Balev on Propaganda Against People's Republic of Bulgaria The Minister of Internal Affairs, Dimitar Stoyanov, reports on the coverage in the Western media of the alleged repressions against six Bulgarian dissidents who sent an open letter to the 1986 CSCE Meeting in Vienna. The letter claimed that Bulgaria does not comply fully with the Helsinki Accords on Human Rights of 1975. The Minister reports that although some measures have been taken to neutralize the activities of this particular dissident group, the official investigation has been suspended as there was a risk of further tarnishing Bulgaria’s image abroad.