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Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

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Eastern Europe

Bulgaria

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Eastern Europe

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

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Soviet Union. Committee for State Security (KGB)

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Project RYaN

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

Todor Zhivkov Collection

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Mitrokhin, Vasili

1922 - 2004

Mitrokhin Archive

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Kalatozov, Mikhail

1903 - 1973

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Germany (East). Ministry for State Security (Stasi)

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Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich

1914 - 1984

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Bulgaria. Ministry of Internal Affairs

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Truman with Attlee and Stalin at Potsdam

Cold War Origins

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June 14, 1980	Information about the USA's Failed Military Operation in Iran Detailed report on the failures and proposed outline of an aborted American mission to free hostages held in the American Embassy in Tehran.
December 23, 1965	Telegram from John F. Root, Office of Northern African Affairs, 'Subject: Bulgarian Fronting For Russian Interests in Ethiopia' Observations by Israeli and US diplomats of the Soviet Union's attempt at indirect economic penetration of Ethiopia during the mid-1960s. The Ethiopian regime was suspicious of Soviet intervention, thus they had to resort to the help of the East European states, in this case Bulgaria.
October 10, 1962	Speech by Senator Keating, "Cuba" Keating alleges that there are six IRBM bases being constructed by the Soviet Union in Cuba.
November 27, 1973	Mike Malone to Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Pretoria, 'Angola: The Progress of the War'
July 9, 1866	Letter from George Kennan to Hattie Kennan, July 9, 1866 During the Russian-American Telegraph Expedition to Siberia, American explorer George Kennan writes to his sister in a light and playful letter. The letter lacks the final part and signature.
August 14, 1967	Intelligence Note 669 from Thomas L. Hughes to the Secretary, 'Tests of Soviet Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS)' Soviet tests of a fractional orbital bombardment system (FOBS) attracted the interest of the US intelligence community because of the unique challenges it posed to defenses. At that point, August 1967, the US had no means to detect a FOBs attack but INR noted that a satellite detection system would be operational during 1970. This was a reference to the secret Defense Support Program (DSP), which would use infrared technology to detect missile launches and reduce any surprise advantage from the FOBs. The Soviets recognized this and later retired their twenty or so ICBMs with FOBs capabilities in 1983.
March 27, 1967	Intelligence Note 242 from George C. Denney, Jr., to the Secretary, 'Peking May Have ICBMs in 1971' Years before Beijing actually deployed an ICBM in 1981, US intelligence estimated the possibility of the deployment of a “few operable, though probably relatively inefficient missiles” as early as 1971.
May 14, 1964	Research Memorandum INR-16 from Thomas L. Hughes to the Secretary, 'Indian Nuclear Weapons Development' An intelligence report that the fuel core of the Canadian-Indian Reactor (CIR) at Trombay was being changed every six months raised questions about India’s nuclear objectives: a six-month period was quite short for “normal research reactor operations,” but it was the optimum time for using the CIR’s spent fuel for producing weapons grade plutonium. According to INR, India had taken the “first deliberate decision in the series leading to a nuclear weapon,” which was to have “available, on demand, unsafeguarded weapons-grade plutonium or, at the least, the capacity to produce it.”
January 4, 1960	Department of State Burea of Intelligence and Research, Intelligence Information Brief No. 236, 'Yugoslavia Nuclear Reactor Goes into Operation' This report gives an overview of Yugoslavia’s nuclear program and its tight links with both East and West in terms of financial aid and training programs
April 24, 1945	Letter from Special Agent in Charge E. E. Conroy to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover Further investigation into a proposed organization for the exchange of Soviet and American films is not considered necessary.