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Photograph of the Hands of Victory Monument in Baghdad.

Middle East

Iraq

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Nikita Khrushchev Collection

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Egyptian Pyramids

Northern Africa

Egypt

Photograph of Sayyida Zainab bin Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib Shrine.

Middle East

Syria

Photograph of Gamal Abdel Nasser

Nasser, Gamal Abdel

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Photograph of Azadi Tower

Middle East

Iran

Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein

Hussein, Saddam

1937 - 2006

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894 - 1971

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

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Gulf War, 1990-1991

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David)

1890 - 1969

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Qāsim, ʻAbd al-Karīm

1914 - 1963

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Eden, Anthony, Earl of Avon

1897 - 1977

Sino-Soviet Relations

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May 22, 1959	Record of a Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and UAR ambassador in Moscow M.A Al-Kush In the conversation, N. S. Khrushchev and M. A. al-Kuni discuss tensions between the USSR and the UAR (Egypt), particularly misunderstandings stemming from speeches by President Nasser and Soviet responses. Khrushchev emphasizes the USSR's commitment to aiding the UAR and supporting anti-imperialist struggles while rejecting accusations of spreading Communism intentionally. Al-Kuni conveys Nasser's regret over the escalation of disagreements and his desire to preserve the friendship between the two nations. Both sides acknowledge the challenges posed by regional dynamics and agree on the importance of improving relations for mutual benefit and peace in the Middle East. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
March 20, 1959	Record of Conversation between Cde. N.S. Khrushchev and Mohammed El-Nil, Ambassador of the Republic of Sudan in the USSR Khrushchev discusses the Soviet Union's relationships with both Iraq and the UAR (Egypt), expressing criticism of Nasser's policies and approach to Arab unity. He voices concerns over Nasser’s political stance and the impact of his speeches, highlighting areas where Soviet and Egyptian interests diverge. Additionally, Khrushchev thanks the Sudanese Ambassador for his service as he steps down from his position.
February 26, 1959	Reception of the Government Delegation of the Iraqi Republic by N.S. Khrushchev Khrushchev talks with the Iraqi delegation about the coalition of Arab states and cooperation between the Soviet Union and Iraq in agriculture and industry.
July 3, 1959	Record of Conversation between Comrade N.S. Khrushchev and Comrade Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh informs Khrushchev about relations between Vietnam and Laos, and Khrushchev briefs Ho Chi Minh on Soviet relations with the UAR and Iraq. Khrushchev expresses support for Nasser. They also discuss the success of the USSR's seven-year plan and DRV's upcoming five year plan.
December 16, 1999	Letter, O'Brien to Sherard Cowper-Coles, 'Telephone Call with President Clinton, 16 December' Clinton and Blair discuss Israel/Syria, Iraq, the Helsinki Summit, translatic relations, Russia, the IMF, and Northern Ireland.
April 30, 1958	Transcript of the Negotiations between the Soviet Leadership and the Leadership of the UAR The two sides first discuss the aggression of the USA, England, and France towards the Arab nations over natural resources. The two sides then discuss bilateral relations and affairs in the Middle East.
August 2, 1958	Third Conversation of N.S. Khrushchev with Mao Zedong, August 2, 1958, in Fengziyuan Mao and Khrushchev have a conversation about about international affairs, including NATO, CENTO, and SEATO, relations with the USA and Japan, and the situation in the Near East. They also expressed their views on the situation in Latin America, and preparations for a third world war. According to the Soviet record of the conversation, they also discussed domestic problems in the two countries. Specifically, Mao spoke at length to Khrushchev about the successes of the Great Leap.
August 1, 1958	Second Conversation of N.S. Khrushchev with Mao Zedong, August 1, 1958, in Zhongnanhai On this second day of the talks, international affairs were the main topic of conversation. From the Soviet record, which like those of the first and the next discussion, was made by Fedorenko and the third secretary of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs Anatolii I. Filyov, it is evident that the atmosphere was fully relaxed, anti-imperialism brought the communist leaders together. Both hated America, Great Britain, France, West Germany, Japan, and their leaders. They discussed the situation in the Near East in detail and were heartened by the victory of leftist forces in Iraq. They joked a lot. And only at the end did Mao lightly touch upon his claims to Khrushchev, who at once reminded the Chinese leader of the Soviet advisors. It was obvious that this question continued to bother him, and Khrushchev exacerbated his grievance.
October 28, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with President Mitterrand in Rome, on Sunday, 28 October 1990 Kohl and Mitterrand debate the situation in the Gulf, the state of reforms in the Soviet Union, and the prospects for progress in terms of European integration.
September 16, 1991	Memorandum of Conversation: Meeting with Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of Germany, September 16, 1991, 12:00-1:30pm This memorandum captures a discussion between President George H. W. Bush and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl on September 16, 1991, focusing on international and bilateral relations. Topics include U.S.-Germany academic and cultural exchanges, European political integration, NATO's role, and French-German relations. Chancellor Kohl emphasized the benefits of strong U.S.-Germany cooperation, particularly in promoting NATO within a politically unified Europe. He expressed concern over Japan's economic dominance and Europe's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), advocating for reforms to enhance global trade and support developing nations. Discussions also covered the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with both leaders stressing the importance of resisting extreme policies to maintain peace prospects. Additionally, Kohl shared insights on internal German challenges post-reunification and SPD (Social Democratic Party) dynamics. The conversation concluded with reflections on broader European politics and leadership transitions in France. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.