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Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

Indian Nuclear History

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Western Europe

Italy

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Southern Africa

South Africa

Nuclear Proliferation

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

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South African Nuclear History

North Atlantic Council Meeting, Lisbon, June 1985

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

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Programme for Promoting Nuclear Non-Proliferation (PPNN)

1986 -

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Italy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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United States. Department of State

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Sanders, Ben

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC). Politburo

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Indira Gandhi, 1982

Gandhi, Indira

1917 - 1984

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April 22, 1960	A.R. Luedecke, General Manager, Atomic Energy Commission, to Philip J. Farley, Department of State The AEC agrees to initiate talks with Western European nations in the attempt to control nuclear proliferation through the classification of gas centrifuge technology.
April 9, 1960	Atomic Energy Commission, 'Gas Centrifuge Method of Isotope Separation,' AEC 610/15 Having read the Union Carbide and General Electric reports on gas centrifuges, and taking into account West Germany and The Netherlands’ unwillingness to classify their programs, the AEC looks into other courses of action, including collaboration with the other two nations and even declassifying their own program.
September 16, 1986	Second Report on Radiation Levels in Lithuania Following the Chernobyl Accident In a follow up to their earlier May report, the Lithuanian Academy of Science summarizes levels of radiation detected between April and August of 1986 following the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Atmospheric tests showed a sharp rise in radiation levels in late April, up to 50 times higher than Soviet standards for safe levels of exposure. Levels dropped off in May, with occasional spikes. The report also summarizes tests of food products grown in Lithuania or imported from other Soviet Republics.
May 23, 1986	Preliminary Report on Radiation Levels in Lithuania Following the Chernobyl Accident Report from the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences on radiation levels detected in May 1986 following the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Both atmospheric tests and tests of food products like milk and honey showed elevated levels of radiation and radioactive isotopes which were “dangerous to the health of the population.”
April 26, 1986	A.N. Makukhin, 'Concerning the accident at unit Nº 4of the Chernobyl AEhS [Atomic Power Station]' The Soviet Minister of Power and Electrification reports on an explosion and fire at the Chernobyl Atomic Power Station in Ukraine. The Soviet Ministry of Heath has determined that "it is not required to take special measures, including the evacuation of the population from the city."
February 21, 1979	Yu. Andropov, 'Shortcomings in the Construction of the Chernobyl AEhS [Atomic Power Station]' Yuri Andropov, then Chairman of the KGB, reports concerns about the Chernobyl nuclear plant. Serious flaws in the construction "might lead to failures and accidents."
March 23, 1960	Philip J. Farley, special Assistant to the Secretary of State, to Algie A. Wells, Director, Division of International Affairs, Atomic Energy Commission, 'Control of and Cooperation in Gas Centrifuge Research and Development Program' As West Germany and The Netherlands developed ultra-centrifuges without a classification policy, the AEC discuss ways to keep the technology under wraps without arousing suspicion from the other members of Euratom.
February 26, 1960	S.A. Levin, D. E. Hatch, and E. Von Halle, 'Production of Enriched Uranium for Nuclear Weapons by Nations X, Y, and Z by Means of the Gas Centrifuge Process,' Operations Analysis Division, Union Carbide Nuclear Company A Union Carbide Nuclear Company study to determine how quickly and easily foreign countries could develop and utilize gas centrifuges with the goal of creating nuclear weapon facilities. The study determines that, due to the cheap cost and relatively small size of the centrifuges, even un-industrialized countries such as Cuba could achieve this technology within 8 years if helped by a larger nation.
February 19, 1960	A.A. Wells, Director, Division of International Affairs, to Philip J. Farley, Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for Disarmament and Atomic Energy, 'Control of and Cooperation in Gas Centrifuge Research and Development Program' The development of the gas centrifuge method, according to this report, would make production of U-235 (and by extension, nuclear weapons) possible for as many as 20-30 foreign countries. The U.S. is thus forced to consider its strategy for how to limit proliferation despite this new, cheap technology.
December 7, 1959	C. L. Marshall, Director, Division of Classification, to A. A. Wells, Director, Division of International Affairs, 'Cooperation in the Field of Gas Centrifuge' US Atomic Energy Commission classification director C. L. Marshall explains to international affairs director A. A. Wells that the design for the gas centrifuge must be classified for fear of providing an “unfriendly nation” a low-energy consuming method for “the separation of heavy isotopes…an important part of a [nuclear] weapons program.”

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Programme for Promoting Nuclear Non-Proliferation (PPNN) 95

Italy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 83

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC). Politburo 42

United States 688

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Indian Nuclear History 309

Nuclear Proliferation 221

South African Nuclear History 202

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series 199

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 178