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Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

Indian Nuclear History

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Western Europe

Italy

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Southern Africa

South Africa

Nuclear Proliferation

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

South African Nuclear History

North Atlantic Council Meeting, Lisbon, June 1985

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

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Programme for Promoting Nuclear Non-Proliferation (PPNN)

1986 -

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Italy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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United States. Department of State

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Sanders, Ben

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC). Politburo

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Indira Gandhi, 1982

Gandhi, Indira

1917 - 1984

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Documents

October 19, 1976	Cable, Cornell, Swedish Embassy, Pyongyang, to the Cabinet, Stockholm Swedish Charge D'Affairs Erik Cornell requests that the Swedish foreign ministry postpone a measure until after evacuation.
August 11, 1961	N. S. Khrushchev’s Comments on a Draft Declaration on Nuclear Tests Khrushchev explains the Soviet Union's decision to resume nuclear testing, attributing it to ongoing threats from Western powers and the lack of genuine progress on disarmament. He criticizes the US, Britain, and France for continuing nuclear tests and accuses them of using peaceful testing as a cover to improve their weapons. Emphasizing that true security can only come through complete disarmament, Khrushchev defends Soviet actions as necessary for national defense while reaffirming the USSR's broader commitment to global peace and disarmament.
December 8, 1959	Copy of a Note from N. S. Khrushchev to the CPSU CC Presidium about a Further Reduction of the USSR Armed Forces Nikita Khrushchev outlines a proposal to the CPSU CC Presidium for a significant reduction in the USSR's armed forces by 1 to 1.5 million personnel, even without reciprocal actions from other countries. He argues that the Soviet Union's advancements in missile technology and nuclear capabilities ensure its defense without the need for a large standing army, thereby enhancing economic efficiency and bolstering international prestige. Khrushchev emphasizes that such unilateral disarmament would reduce Cold War tensions, undermine militaristic factions globally, and improve the Soviet Union’s image as a proponent of peace. He suggests transitioning to a mixed system of professional and territorial (militia) forces to maintain readiness while lowering costs. The proposal aims to strengthen both domestic and international support for the USSR while showcasing the superiority of the socialist system. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
February 1, 1958	Notes of Cde. N.S. Khrushchev on a Message of N.A. Bulganin Khrushchev, as well as Suslov and Mikoyan, offer corrections on a message drafted by Bulganin. Khrushchev advocates for the liquidation of NATO, the Baghdad Pact, SEATO, and the Warsaw Agreement, preferring instead to defer to the UN.
May 9, 1959	Code Message No. 4513 from J. Winiewicz to the Chiefs of All Diplomatic Posts Deputy Minister Winiewicz instructs chiefs of all diplomatic posts on how to respond to questions about the Rapacki Plan. He confirms that they will uphold the Rapacki Plan, but the topics of the Geneva conference should be limited in scope and focused on a peace treaty with Germany.
March 3, 1959	Code Message No. 2598 from Ambassador Dorsz in Ankara to Rodziński Code message from Ambassador Dorosz to Rodziński regarding the Foreign Minister of Turkey's first official statement on the Rapacki Plan. Dorosz notes Turkey's lack of interest in the Plan thus far.
January 20, 1959	Code Message No. 803 from Ambassador Milnikiel in London to Winiewicz Milnikiel writes to Winiewicz regarding a conversation between Milnikiel and British Deputy foreign secretary O’Neill. O'Neill does not think the Rapacki Plan should currently be brought up in light of the broader proposals on Germany.
January 7, 1959	Code Message No. 234 from Ambassador Szymanowski in Stockholm to Birecki The ambassador in Sweden recounts his conversation with Astrom, director of the political department of the Swedish MoFA. Astrom mentions his desire to prevent the Plan from becoming overwhelmed amidst the Germany debate, along with his desire that negotiations do not take place with the Soviets.
November 27, 1958	Code Message No. 15023 from Ambassador Szymanowski in Stockholm to Birecki The ambassador in Sweden reports on a conversation with Unden, the Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs. Sweden has some interest in the Plan in its new form, but not directly. Unden is worried about the FRG posing as an obstacle to the Plan.
November 8, 1958	Code Message No. 11789 from Foreign Minister Rapacki to Naszkowski (Moscow) Rapacki reports various reactions from the West to the new version of the Rapacki Plan.

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Programme for Promoting Nuclear Non-Proliferation (PPNN) 95

Italy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 83

United States. Department of State 68

Sanders, Ben 65

Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC). Politburo 42

United States 688

Soviet Union 477

South Africa 223

Indian Nuclear History 309

Nuclear Proliferation 221

South African Nuclear History 202

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series 199

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 178