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Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

Israeli Nuclear History

South African Nuclear History

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Southern Africa

South Africa

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Ben-Gurion, David

1886 - 1973

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North America

United States

Photograph of John F. Kennedy in 1963

Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald)

1917 - 1963

Photograph of Dean Rusk

Rusk, Dean

1909 - 1994

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Malan, Magnus

1930 - 2011

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Jones, G. Lewis

-

A photo of Henry Kissinger from 1975

Kissinger, Henry

1923 -

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

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Western Europe

France

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South Asia

Pakistan

Pakistani Nuclear History

Interviews by Avner Cohen

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Documents

September 3, 1963	Undated, unsigned handwritten note, possibly by Minister without Portfolio Galili Written by an unknown author (possibly Galili) to an unknown recipient, this document dates from September 1963. It points to the fact that Israel saw itself as stricltly in adherance to the nuclear-related commitments undertaken by Ben Gurion in his letters to President John F. Kennedy, referred to the note as “B.G letters”. The note consists of a list of short explanatory statements on the nature of these commitments and how Israel interprets them. Editor's note: Because of the unique provenance of this document, it should be treated as unauthenticated and interpreted skeptically. Readers are strongly encouraged to read the associated essay by Or Rabinowitz.
July 18, 1970	Undated, unsigned handwritten note, possibly by Minister without portfolio Israeli Galili discussing the publication of a story on Israel’s nuclear program in the New York Time Presumably written by by Minister Israel Galili some time in 1970, this note discusses the publication of a story on Israel’s nuclear program in the New York Times. According to the note, the story mentions “the agreement we have with the President,” alluding to the 1969 Richard Nixon-Golda Meir deal on Israel’s nuclear status. The note further attempts to analyze which source within the Nixon administration had approached the paper and leaked assessments on Israel’s nuclear capabilities, underscoring the secrecy and the sensitivity surrounding the 1969 understanding. Editor's note: Because of the unique provenance of this document, it should be treated as unauthenticated and interpreted skeptically. Readers are strongly encouraged to read the associated essay by Or Rabinowitz.
1969	Undated, unsigned handwritten note, presumably from Minister Yigal Allon to Minister without Portfolio Israel Galili This handwritten note, presumably from Minister Yigal Allon, most likely circa 1969-1970, demonstrates how Israel adopted the NPT’s nuclear test criteria for its own purposes, allowing the Israeli leadership to maintain that Israel was not a nuclear state. Allon’s adoption of the NPT’s nuclear test criteria mirrored Israel’s official language at the time when discussing the issue with state department officials. Editor's note: Because of the unique provenance of this document, it should be treated as unauthenticated and interpreted skeptically. Readers are strongly encouraged to read the associated essay by Ori Rabinowitz.
October 27, 2020	Interview with David Ivry David Ivry was a Major General in the Israeli Defense Forces. He was the Israeli Ambassador to the United States, a commander of the Israeli Air Force, and director of the Israeli National Security Council. He served as the head of the Israeli delegation to ACRS.
June 19, 1979	Letter from Bryan Cartledge to Paul Lever, 'Pakistan's Nuclear Programme' (with attachment) This document is Margaret Thatcher's response to Menachem Begin's letter of May 17, 1979, on the subject of Pakistan's nuclear program.
May 22, 1979	Letter from R.J. Alston (Joint Nuclear Unit) to P.H. Moberly (Private Secretary), 'Pakistan's Nuclear Programme' Alston proposes a response to the Israeli Prime Minister's letter on Pakistan's nuclear activity.
May 22, 1979	Letter from R.J. Alston (Joint Nuclear Unit) to P.H. Moberly, 'Pakistan's Nuclear Programme' This document is a memo from Robert Alston at the FCO's Joint Nuclear Unit to Patrick Moberley. In the memo, Alston focuses on how best to respond to a recent letter of concern from Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, on the subject of Pakistan's nuclear program.
May 17, 1979	Letter from Bryan Cartledge to Stephen Wall, 'Pakistan's Nuclear Programme' (with attachments) This document has three parts. The first part, a letter written from Bryan Cartledge of the FCO to Stephen Wall, discusses recent correspondence from Israel's Prime Minister Menachem Begin to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. The document's second and third parts are PM Begin's letter, along with an accompanying Israeli intelligence report regarding Pakistan's nuclear program.
December 13, 2020	Interview of David Irvy Interview with David Ivry, former Director General of the Israeli Ministry of Defense, chairman of Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI), deputy chief of the General Staff at the IDF, and commander of the Israeli Air Force. Interview conducted by Or Rabinowitz.
October 15, 1985	Brussels: Notes for talks with Secretary Shultz Strongly worded notes regarding the Italian actions during the Crisis of Sigonella. The brief document reiterates Italy's version of the facts related to the hijacking of Achille Lauro and the events that followed, denying any wrongdoing, and blaming the US for unlawful actions.