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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

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Dr. Syngman Rhee, 1939

Syngman Rhee Era

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United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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South Korean Diplomacy in Asia, 1955-1957

Dr. Syngman Rhee, 1939

Rhee, Syngman

1875 - 1965

Indian Nuclear History

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

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CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

South African Nuclear History

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December 27, 1994	South African Legal Opinion on Article X.2 of the NPT A description of X.2 Article of the NPT and a discussion of three potential outcomes: 1) indefinite extension, 2) extension for an additional fixed period, and 3) extension for additional fixed periods.
April 3, 1995	Abdul Minty et al, 'South Africa's Position on the Extension of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)' South Africa supports the indefinite extension of the NPT.
March 24, 1995	J. duPreez, 'Credentials for South Africa's Delegation to the Treaty for Nuclear Non-Proliferation Review and Extension Conference' Credentials for South Africa's delegation to the 1995 Non-Proliferation Treaty Extension Conference.
February 18, 1993	Statement by Leonid M. Kravchuk, President of Ukraine, at the World Economic Forum, Davos, 30 January 1993: 'How to Prevent the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons'
September 13, 2018	Oral History Interview with Richard Butler The interview with Richard Butler, conducted by Michal Onderco, examines Australia’s proactive role in nuclear arms control and disarmament during the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference. Butler discusses Australia’s bipartisan commitment to non-proliferation and the influence of its uranium resources and regional concerns, including French nuclear testing in the Pacific, on its policies. He highlights Australia’s diplomatic efforts, particularly engaging Israel to support the NPT’s objectives and collaborating with South Africa to advance disarmament proposals at the conference. Butler criticizes the U.S.-led push for an early pledge of indefinite extension as counterproductive and recounts his role in fostering consensus through private diplomacy. He concludes with reflections on the systemic issues of nuclear non-proliferation, the challenges of implementing NPT principles, and his cautious optimism during that period for eventual nuclear disarmament. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
September 27, 1980	Telegram from the American Embassy in Muscat to the Secretary of State, 'Oman to give Iraq access to facilities for attack on Iran' In a telegram to the Secretary of State, Buck discusses the Omani decision to give Iraq access to facilities in order to attack Iran, and suggests that the United States must urge Oman to remain neutral in order to promote regional stability.
October 1, 1980	Telegram from the American Embassy in Muscat to the Secretary of State, 'Discussion with Zawawi on Iraqi access to facilities for attack on Iran' Buck reports on a conversation with Zawawi on Oman's decision to support Iraq against Iran in the Iran-Iraq War.
December 8, 1964	US Comments on the UK Proposal of a Project for an Atlantic Nuclear Force General comments relating to the establishment of an Atlantic nuclear force, objectives that any new arrangement of NATO nuclear forces must meet, specific comments on the UK's proposal, characteristics of the force, components, contribution of the United States Forces, non-dissemination of nuclear weapons, command and voting arrangements, review provisions.
January 1, 1964	Atlantic Nuclear Force Her Majesty's Government Proposal British proposal for a reorganisation of the nuclear arrangements of the Atlantic Alliance that includes objectives, mixed-manned principle, British contribution, command question, relations with NATO.
April 12, 2017	Oral History Interview with Nabil Fahmy The interview with Nabil Fahmy provides an in-depth view of Egypt’s position and strategies during the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference. Fahmy emphasizes Egypt's focus on addressing regional asymmetries, particularly Israel's nuclear ambiguity, while advocating for global disarmament and non-proliferation. He reflects on Egypt's frustrations with unfulfilled promises from the U.S. and Israel, including failed bilateral and multilateral talks like ACRS, which underpinned Egypt’s skepticism toward the indefinite extension of the NPT. Despite knowing that indefinite extension was inevitable, Egypt used the Middle East resolution as leverage, securing its inclusion as part of the final package. Fahmy underscores Egypt's practical yet principled stance, acknowledging the challenges of disarmament and the limits of what could realistically be achieved given the prevailing geopolitical dynamics. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.

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