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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Sino-Soviet Relations

Interkit, 1966-1987

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Zhao Ziyang on a tour of East Germany in June 1987.

China-Eastern Europe Relations

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2012.

Southeast Asia

Vietnam

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893 - 1976

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Nowak, Zenon

1905 - 1980

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Poland. Embassy (Romania)

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Cuban Foreign Relations

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Henryk, Brzezinski

-

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Olszowski, Stefan

1931 -

Fidel Castro, 1959.

Castro, Fidel

1926 - 2016

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September 3, 1968	The Position of the Communist Party of Cuba Towards the Conference of the Communist Parties and the Problems of the International Revolutionary Movement This report describes how the Cuban Communist Party's position diverges from the broader international communist movement and how it desires to maintain neutrality in Sino-Soviet disputes.
June 4, 1969	Cipher No. 6247 from Havana This document discusses Cuba's decision to send observers to a Soviet-led conference, highlighting their shift from a previously neutral position due to pressure from Brezhnev and the Soviet Politburo. The decision, driven by the desire to maintain Soviet support during a difficult period, was met with caution due to fears of Chinese economic retaliation, signaling potential tensions in Sino-Cuban relations. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
July 2, 1962	A. Krajewski, 'Assessment of Polish Position in Cuba during the Visit of Minister Rapacki, Based on the Conversations I had in Havana After his Departure' According to this Polish report, Soviet Ambassador Kudryavtsev’s dismissal was made at Fidel Castro’s explicit request.
June 4, 1984	Untitled report the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Stefan Olszowski concerning his meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Aleksandr Aksionau in Poland During a visit to the USSR, Kim Il Sung stressed the unity of socialist countries especially in Southeast Asia. Kim mentioned that DPRK has no intention of attacking South Korea.
June 10, 1970	Col. Mieczysław Białek, 'Record of Conversation of the Marshall of the Soviet Union Com. Zakharov with Com. Kim Il Sung during Com. Zakharov's Visit in the DPRK' Kim Il Sung mentioned his gratitude to the Soviet Union. Kim discussed the impact of the Cultural Revolution on China and Sino-DPRK ties, and his wish to improve relations with the USSR.
March 24, 1969	Col. Mieczysław Białek, 'Record of Conversation with RSR Military Attaché Office' The Romanian military attaché discusses the Sino-Soviet border conflict and the state of Sino-North Korean relations. The Polish attaché describes Romania as being "under a considerable Chinese influence.
January 1, 1961	Report from Polish Military Attache in Beijing Military Attache Siwicki reports on the year's biggest issues such as; the economic crisis in China, Great Chinese Famine; discrepancies in ideology between USSR and China, such as questions of loyalty to Communist cause in the leadership and army; Chinese's interest in weapons of mass destruction; poor condition of Chinese army and society in general; and China's imperialist goals and overview of interactions with other countries
May 31, 1963	Secret Telegram from Maneli (Saigon) to Spasowski (Warsaw) [Ciphergram No. 7353] Report from Polish official in Saigon, Maneli, to Warsaw, on his meeting with Pham Van Dong. Dong describes plans for South Vietnam's future government and neutrality, along with North Vietnam's compliance with the Geneva Accords. Reports that Soviet Ambassador Tovmassian was surprised at the high degree of Chinese participation in Vietnam.
February 11, 1965	Minutes from a Conversation between A.N. Kosygin and Mao Zedong The Soviet Union sent a delegation to the All-China Assembly of People's Representatives in Beijing. During this time, A.N. Kosygin and Mao Zedong discussed Vietnam including American military actions, Soviet assistance and support, and their socialist path. The conversation then moved towards a debate over spheres of military influence. The Soviets believed that they and the Chinese should unite to fight against American capitalism, but Mao stated that the Soviets should protect Europe and Chine should protect Asia. Other issues addressed included imperialism, Africa, the United Nations, foreign relations, and the concern over factions between communist states and internal factions within parties.
November 9, 1964	Record of Conversation between Polish leader Wladyslaw Gomułka and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, Moscow Zhou Enlai and Gomulka discuss the Sino-Soviet split following Khrushchev's removal as well as Poland's involvement in maintaining peace in Vietnam.