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Eastern Europe

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

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United States

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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Western Europe

Warsaw Pact

Sino-Soviet Relations

Soviet Foreign Policy

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Todor Zhivkov Collection

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Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich

1914 - 1984

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Zhivkov, Todor

1911 - 1998

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Pjescak

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Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

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Bulgaria. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC)

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July 8, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Soviet President Gorbachev on Friday, 5 July 1991, in Meseroye near Kiev Kohl and Gorbachev confer on the state of reforms in the Soviet Union, Western financial assistance and preparations for Gorbachev's participation in the World Economic Summit in London later in July. In addition, they discuss European security, EC enlargement and the potential enlargement of NATO.
March 20, 1969	Stenographic Transcript of the Meeting of the Political Consultative Committee of the Member States of the Warsaw Treaty on 17 March 1969 in Budapest At a meeting in Budapest, members of the Political Consultative Committee of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact), including delegations from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, the German Democratic Republic, Romania, and the Soviet Union, discuss and vote on principles for the Joint Forces and the Committee of the Ministers of Defense as well as other areas of military coordination.
November 18, 1957	Excerpt from the Unedited Translation of Mao Zedong’s Speech at the Moscow Conference of Communist and Workers’ Parties
October 12, 1989	Assessment Paper by the Austrian Foreign Ministry, '[Excerpt] Eastern Europe; General Assessment' The Assessment Paper outlines new change is Eastern Europe, mostly surrounding political and economic diversification, following Gorabachev's leadership in the USSR. The report then evaluates the GDR's economy, emigration, and anticipated political changes in light of the new geopolitical climate.
April 28, 1961	Memorandum by General Staff of Defense (SMD) for Minister of Defense Andreotti, 'Chief of staff's visit to the US' Report of the head of the Italian defense department’s recent trip to the United States. Of importance was the discussion of NATO’s long-term plan (ten to fifteen years), the strategic defense of the Balkans, the maintenance of the United States’ NATO forces in Europe, and the need to push development of conventional weapons to avoid having to employ nuclear weapons.
May 30, 1961	Memorandum by Chief of Defense Staff Aldo Rossi to Minister of Defense Andreotti, 'NATO new strategic approach' Rossi describes the recent trend of the US Administration to want to turn away from the doctrine of Massive Retaliation, towards the acquisition of a new strategic concept that includes an increase in the "nuclear threshold." In order for Italy to continue to lead the defense of central and southeastern Europe against the Soviet Union as well as address its internal social and political crises, the United States must provide Italy with financial assistance.
October 13, 1986	Memorandum by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'East-West relations' The document analyzes the state of East-West relations in the aftermath of the Reykjavik Summit. There appears to be an openness to continuing dialogue by both sides, but many unknowns still persist regarding Europe and the Middle East.
February 26, 1986	Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'State of the Atlantic Alliance' Analysis of the state of Atlantic Alliance in the global security landscape shows political cohesion internally, and a firm position in the security sphere. NATO also appears open to dialogue with the Eastern block, but remains aware of the centrality of European security.
August 5, 1986	Memorandum of Conversation between Craxi and Armacost Diplomatic advisor Antonio Badini's report from the meeting between Craxi and Armacost regarding international terrorism, situation in Libya and Syria, and deterioration of East-West relations.
October 17, 1991	Telegram by Ambassador Vanni D'Archirafi, 'NATO summit in Rome - Possible "Relationship agreements" between NATO and Central-Eastern Europe countries' The document emphasizes the need for increased dialogue and cooperation with Central and Eastern European countries. It presents three alternative frameworks for cooperation.