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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Sino-Soviet Relations

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Interkit, 1966-1987

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2012.

Southeast Asia

Vietnam

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893 - 1976

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Zhao Ziyang on a tour of East Germany in June 1987.

China-Eastern Europe Relations

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Eastern Europe

Romania

Conversations with Mao Zedong

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

Deng Xiaoping, 1979.

Deng, Xiaoping

1904 - 1997

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879 - 1953

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Rubbi, Antonio

1932 -

Kim Il Sung, 1978

Kim, Il Sung

1912 - 1994

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Documents

November 13, 1952	Despatch No. 234 from American Embassy Taipei to the Department of State, 'Report on Foreign Relations at the Seventh National Congress of the Kuomintang' The document provides a comprehensive overview of the Chinese Nationalist Government's foreign policy, emphasizing its alignment with anti-communist efforts globally. It discusses Sino-American cooperation, including military and economic aid, the establishment of diplomatic ties in Southeast Asia, and the challenges of maintaining consular services in regions recognizing the Chinese Communist regime. The document underscores the importance of China's role in the United Nations and its relations with countries like Japan, aiming to strengthen global alliances against communism. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
February 16, 1968	Transcript of Discussions between Comrade Paul Niculescu-Mizil and Comrade Boris N. Ponomarev, Secretary of the CC of the CPSU The Romanian Communist Party representatives expressed concerns about the upcoming world conference of communist and workers' parties. They worried about limited participation from key parties, including Cuba, potential divisions over controversial issues, and the impact of criticism and condemnation. To address these concerns, they proposed a more cautious approach, focusing on common ground and avoiding divisive topics. They suggested limiting the Budapest consultative meeting to an exchange of views and postponing binding decisions to a later date. The document also highlights concerns about Cuban interference in the internal affairs of other communist parties. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
June 27, 1961	Record of Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and Prime Minister Pham Van Dong of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Pham Van Dong thanks Khrushchev for the Soviet help to Vietnamese people. Khrushchev talks about politics around the world, particularly, in the socialist countries such as Albania and China. He claims that the relationship with China is improving. Khrushchev also mentions that he discussed Indian politics with Mao. He criticizes the politics of Stalin toward China.
February 15, 1950	Monthly Report of the Indian Mission, Lhasa, for Period Ending 15th February 1950 An update on Tibet's relations with India, China, Nepal, the UK, and the US in early 1950. There are also comments on political and economic developments within Tibet.
January 15, 1950	Memorandum No.3(7)-L/50 from the Officer in Charge, Indian Mission, Lhasa, to the Political Officer in Sikkim, Gangtok The monthly report of the Indian Mission in Lhasa, Tibet, for the period December 15, 1949, through January 15, 1950.
April 1, 1949	Letter, Jawaharlal Nehru to All Provincial Premiers Nehru briefs the Provincial Premiers about internal and external developments. Nehru highlights the situation in China and states that the communists could soon take power in the whole of China. He speculates how this will affect other regions.
October 2, 1957	Memorandum by Frank Aiken [on an Interview with Scott McCleod and the Taoiseach] Aiken made an immediate impression on his arrival in the Twelfth Session of the UN General Assembly in September 1957. He adopted an impartial posture of assessing each issue on its merits and campaigning to remodel international politics around self-determination, humanitarianism, and peace. His exhortation was that only the UN had the moral authority and political legitimacy to put forward global solutions. While he did not propose nuclear disarmament measures specifically, his intent was signaled by his recommendation for a mutual drawback of foreign forces (including their nuclear weapons) in central Europe and his endorsement of a proposal to discuss the representation of China in the United Nations. The Eisenhower administration was hostile to Aiken’s course as outlined in the U.S. ambassador’s audience with Taoiseach Eamon de Valera and Aiken in Dublin on 2 October. The record underlines the Irish concerns about accidental nuclear war due to the proximity of opposing U.S. and Soviet forces in central Europe.
2003	Tran Quang Co: A Memoir The memoir of Trần Quang Cơ (1927-2015), former member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) and First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), brings to light the intense diplomacy among great powers and regional players over the continued conflicts in Indochina after the unification of Vietnam as well as the bitter disagreements within the Vietnamese leadership over the country’s political priorities during the period of 1975-1993. Cơ put together his memories and thoughts on “many sensitive developments” in Vietnamese foreign relations that he believed had been “intentionally or unintentionally” forgotten (rơi rụng) in the state-endorsed history “to ‘smooth over’ (tròn trĩnh) the historical record.” Completed in Vietnamese in 2001 (updated in 2003) and informally circulated on the internet, Merle Pribbenow’s English-translation makes this valuable historical source available to wider audiences.
November 1963	Chinese Communist Industrial Trade Fair Scheduled to Be Held in Mexico City December 1963 An "information report" from a CIA officer in Mexico City concerning the possible opening of an Chinese Communist industrial trade fair.
December 15, 1980	Resolution on the Status and Mission of Combatting Enemy’s Ideological Sabotage Efforts During This New Period This resolution on combatting “ideological sabotage” lumps Chinese ideological propaganda, Western propaganda operations, international human rights and humanitarian relief activities, and religious radio broadcasts and religious missionary activities all together with the spreading influence of Western culture and music in Vietnam as part of a vast, insidious effort by Vietnam’s enemies designed to corrupt Vietnam’s society and to weaken its “revolutionary” spirit in order to cause the overthrow or collapse of the Vietnamese Communist Party and government. The over-the-top rhetoric used in this resolution illustrates the widespread paranoia that infected the upper ranks of Vietnam’s Party and security apparatus during this period of the Cold War. It was not until six years later, in December 1986, that the pressures of growing internal dissension (even within the Party), the country’s desperate economic situation, and reductions in Soviet military and economic to Vietnam resulted in the decision by the Communist Party’s 6th Party Congress to shift to a policy of reforms, called “Renovation” [Đổi Mới] reforms and to new Vietnamese efforts to normalize relations with China and the United States.