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Eastern Europe

Lithuania

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

-

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

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Eastern Europe

Estonia

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Eastern Europe

Latvia

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

United States Non-Recognition Policy

Boris Yeltsin at the United Nations, October 1995

Yeltsin, Boris

1931 - 2007

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924 - 2018

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Hartmann, Peter

1935 -

Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein

Hussein, Saddam

1937 - 2006

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Gulf War, 1990-1991

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

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July 20, 1997	Memo from Ronald Asmus to Strobe Talbott, 'Hanseatic Strategy' This July 1997 memo outlines a proposed "Hanseatic Strategy" to support future NATO membership for the Baltic states. Acknowledging political resistance within the US and NATO, concerns over defensibility, and Russian opposition, the memo proposes a three-part strategy.
October 29, 1996	Cable, Secretary of State to US Embassy Vilnius, 'Acting Secretary and Lithuanian Fonmin on NATO Enlargement' On October 8, 1996, Acting Secretary of State Strobe Talbott met with Lithuanian Foreign Minister Povilas Gylys to discuss NATO enlargement. Gylys warned that excluding Lithuania from early rounds of accession would damage its security and risk public perception of Western disengagement, while expressing concern over Kaliningrad’s future role. Talbott reassured Gylys of the US commitment to Baltic inclusion, emphasized that NATO’s door remains open, and framed the Baltic Action Plan as a complementary—not compensatory—measure to support accession and regional stability.
September 9, 1996	Cable, Secretary of State to US Embassy Tallinn, 'Acting Secretary Briefs Baltics on Action Plan' On August 29, 1996, Acting Secretary of State Strobe Talbott briefed representatives from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania on the US Baltic Action Plan—a three-track strategy aimed at supporting the Baltics’ integration into Western institutions.
1975	Table of Contents: 'Papers of the Higher School of the KGB,' Volume 09, Moscow, 1975, 315 pp. The table of contents for volume 9 of Papers of the Higher School of the KGB. Articles relate to the theory and practice of counterintelligence, the history of Soviet state security organizations, training and education, and the "subversive activities of the adversary."
1974	Table of Contents: 'Papers of the Higher School of the KGB,' Volume 08, Moscow, 1974, 210 pp. The table of contents for volume 8 of Papers of the Higher School of the KGB. Articles relate to the so-called "subversive activities of Zionists".
June 12, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with the Presidents of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania on the Margins on the UNCED-Conference in Rio de Janeiro on 11 June 1992 Kohl and the Presidents from the three Baltic states have a shared concern about the slow withdrawal of "Soviet" troops in the region. Kohl is asked to put more pressure on Yeltsin. All three Presidents see security and troop withdrawals as an essential precondition for the success of economic reforms in their countries.
February 13, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with the President of the Lithuanian Parliament Landsbergis on Thursday, 13 February 1992 Kohl and Landsbergis consult on developments in Lithuania and on the problem of "Soviet" troop withdrawals from the country. They review Lithuanian plans for the construction of an oil pipeline from Klaipeda on the Baltic Sea in order to be less dependent from Russian supplies.
November 25, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Russian President Yeltsin on Thursday, 21 November 1991 Kohl and Yeltsin discuss Russia-Ukraine relations, Russian debt and finance issues, the question of Volga-Germans and the release of Honecker from the Chilean embassy.
September 6, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Thursday, 5 September 1991, 13:15 until 13:30 hours Kohl and Gorbachev scrutinize the situation in the Soviet Union after the coup. They agree on the urgent need for more for financial help.
August 26, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with U.S. President Bush on 26 August 1991, 14:25 – 14:50 hours Kohl and Bush discuss the latter forthcoming visit to Moscow, the situation after the coup, as well as Western financial assistance for the Soviet Union and Baltic independence.