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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

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Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

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A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

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Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

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Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

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Photograph of Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, 1945

Chinese Civil War, 1946-1950

Photograph fo Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Beijing

China. Foreign Ministry

1949 -

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894 - 1971

Kim Il Sung, 1978

Kim, Il Sung

1912 - 1994

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November 27, 1958	N. Kurmyshev, Secretary of the Consulate General of the USSR In Urumqi, ‘Report on Strengthening the United People's Democratic Front and Advancing Socialist Transformation in Xinjiang’ On November 27, 1958, the Soviet Consulate General in Urumqi reported on efforts to strengthen the United People's Democratic Front in Xinjiang, China, aimed at uniting diverse ethnic, social, and religious groups under the leadership of the Communist Party. The report detailed the integration of women, traders, industrialists, and religious leaders into socialist reforms, as well as campaigns to combat rightist elements and local nationalism.
August 28, 1958	From the Journal of A.A. Brezhnev, 'Record of a Conversation with Zhang Liguang, Chief of the PRC MFA Socialist Countries Protocol Department, 15 August 1958' On August 15, 1958, Soviet diplomat A.A. Brezhnev spoke with Zhang Liguang, head of the PRC Foreign Ministry's Socialist Countries Protocol Department, during a reception in Beijing to discuss international reactions to the recent meeting between Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and Chinese leader Mao Zedong. Zhang reported heightened interest from foreign diplomats, particularly from India.
May 23, 1958	From the Journal of S.F. Antonov, 'Record of a Conversation with Cde. Mao Zedong' On May 23, 1958, Mao Zedong met in Beijing with Soviet official N.I. Bobrovnikov to discuss China's political and economic developments. Mao emphasized the successes of socialism in the PRC, the ongoing struggle against rightists, and the importance of fighting revisionism, particularly criticizing Yugoslavia's policies. He praised Soviet support, expressed optimism about China's agricultural and industrial progress, and dismissed concerns over a lack of US. recognition.
November 23, 1979	From the Journal of A.F. Dobrynin, 'Record of a Conversation with Z Former US Secretary of State Kissinger, 23 November 1979’ In this November 1979 conversation, Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin confronted former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger over his increasingly anti-Soviet rhetoric and alignment with Republican hardliners, which Dobrynin criticized as opportunistic and damaging to détente. Kissinger defended his shift as a tactical response to domestic political pressures and his ambitions to return to government, while still insisting he valued stable Soviet-American relations. The discussion also touched on US fears of instability in Saudi Arabia, the strategic implications of Soviet and Cuban involvement in Africa, and Kissinger's belief in the need for a tacit division of global influence between the superpowers.
September 1982	For a Conversation with Prime Minister of India I. Gandhi (Privately) Material sent to L. I. Brezhnev in preparation for a private conversation with I. Gandhi. Potential topics for conversation include the Soviet Union's commitment to strengthening India's defense capability, India's role in the non-aligned movement, and recent steps in the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations.
September 3, 1968	The Position of the Communist Party of Cuba Towards the Conference of the Communist Parties and the Problems of the International Revolutionary Movement This report describes how the Cuban Communist Party's position diverges from the broader international communist movement and how it desires to maintain neutrality in Sino-Soviet disputes.
June 4, 1969	Cipher No. 6247 from Havana This document discusses Cuba's decision to send observers to a Soviet-led conference, highlighting their shift from a previously neutral position due to pressure from Brezhnev and the Soviet Politburo. The decision, driven by the desire to maintain Soviet support during a difficult period, was met with caution due to fears of Chinese economic retaliation, signaling potential tensions in Sino-Cuban relations. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
September 7, 1950	Telegram No. 352 from Taipei to the Secretary of State The document discusses the Chinese Nationalist government's concerns regarding a potential United Nations investigation into allegations of US aggression in Formosa. Foreign Minister George Yeh emphasized the destabilizing impact such an investigation could have on public and military morale while proposing that the UN simultaneously investigate Chinese Nationalist accusations of Soviet aggression against China This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 13, 1952	Despatch No. 234 from American Embassy Taipei to the Department of State, 'Report on Foreign Relations at the Seventh National Congress of the Kuomintang' The document provides a comprehensive overview of the Chinese Nationalist Government's foreign policy, emphasizing its alignment with anti-communist efforts globally. It discusses Sino-American cooperation, including military and economic aid, the establishment of diplomatic ties in Southeast Asia, and the challenges of maintaining consular services in regions recognizing the Chinese Communist regime. The document underscores the importance of China's role in the United Nations and its relations with countries like Japan, aiming to strengthen global alliances against communism. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
March 16, 1960	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1960, No. 9 (Overall Issue No. 203) Reports the signing of a Sino-Soviet forestry fire prevention agreement, guidelines on manufacturing agricultural irrigation equipment, and initiatives for spring reforestation inspections and medicinal herb collection. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.

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Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984 346

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Making of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945-1950 109

China-Europe Relations 97