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Western Europe

Germany

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Western Europe

France

The Kremlin, Russia

Eastern Europe

Russia

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Hartmann, Peter

1935 -

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

Boris Yeltsin at the United Nations, October 1995

Yeltsin, Boris

1931 - 2007

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Eastern Europe

Yugoslavia

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Gulf War, 1990-1991

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924 - 2018

François Mitterrand in 1983

Mitterrand, François

1916 - 1996

Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein

Hussein, Saddam

1937 - 2006

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

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January 17, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with President Mitterrand on Thursday, 17 January 1991 at 5 pm Kohl and Mitterrand talk about the start of allied military operations in the Gulf War and France's contribution in particular.
December 27, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with the Turkish President Özal on Friday, 21 December 1990 Kohl and Özal debate the Gulf crisis and Turkey's request for the deployment of the air component of NATO's Allied Command Europe Mobile Force. In addition, they discuss the resignation of Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze.
November 22, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Breakfast Meeting with President Mitterrand on Wednesday, 21 November 1990 in Paris for the Occasion of the CSCE Summit Kohl and Mitterrand assess the relevance of the Paris CSCE Summit and the situation in the Gulf, especially UN resolutions on Iraq and the potential use of force under a UN mandate.
November 20, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with the President of the CSFR, Vaclav Havel, Paris, 20 November 1990, 3:40 pm to 4:45 pm Kohl and Havel discuss the conclusion of a comprehensive bilateral treaty, trade issues, European integration as well as questions related to the German minority in the CSSR.
November 13, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Soviet President M.S. Gorbachev on 9 November 1990, 3:15 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. at the Federal Chancellery Kohl and Gorbachev review the state of bilateral relations, the Gulf crisis and the situation in the Soviet Union, especially with regards to Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost and the Soviet Union's economic reforms. They discuss Western economic assistance and food supplies for the Soviet Union as well.
November 9, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with Polish Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki Frankfurt/Oder, 8 November 1990, 11.15 - 15.15 hours Kohl and Mazowieki engage in a comprehensive review on the state of bilateral relations. They discuss trade, culture, infrastructure projects, questions related to the German minority in Poland as well as European security and defense, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the GDR and Polish purchases of military equipment from former East German stocks.
October 31, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with Mr. Willy Brandt on Wednesday, 31 October 1990 Brandt agrees to Kohl's request to serve as a mediator and interlocutor for the Iraqi side in an effort to achieve the release of hostages in Iraq.
October 28, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with President Mitterrand in Rome, on Sunday, 28 October 1990 Kohl and Mitterrand debate the situation in the Gulf, the state of reforms in the Soviet Union, and the prospects for progress in terms of European integration.
September 16, 1991	Memorandum of Conversation: Meeting with Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of Germany, September 16, 1991, 1:30-2:30pm This memorandum documents a broader meeting involving senior U.S. and German officials, addressing global challenges and German-American relations. Chancellor Kohl highlighted Germany's domestic recovery post-reunification, acknowledging difficulties in the former East German states and economic adjustments. He praised U.S. leadership in the Middle East peace process and reiterated Germany's refusal to fund Israeli settlements. On Soviet Union matters, Kohl supported aid to stabilize the region but stressed the need for a functioning central government to ensure arms control and economic reforms. He urged a collaborative international response to food aid and debt challenges. Discussions extended to Yugoslavia's disintegration, with concerns about potential civil war and the implications of ethnic and religious divides. Kohl and the U.S. team emphasized cautious engagement to prevent broader European instability. Kohl also highlighted the importance of German-American scientific collaborations and the need to counter Japanese economic influence globally. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
September 16, 1991	Memorandum of Conversation: Meeting with Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of Germany, September 16, 1991, 12:00-1:30pm This memorandum captures a discussion between President George H. W. Bush and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl on September 16, 1991, focusing on international and bilateral relations. Topics include U.S.-Germany academic and cultural exchanges, European political integration, NATO's role, and French-German relations. Chancellor Kohl emphasized the benefits of strong U.S.-Germany cooperation, particularly in promoting NATO within a politically unified Europe. He expressed concern over Japan's economic dominance and Europe's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), advocating for reforms to enhance global trade and support developing nations. Discussions also covered the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with both leaders stressing the importance of resisting extreme policies to maintain peace prospects. Additionally, Kohl shared insights on internal German challenges post-reunification and SPD (Social Democratic Party) dynamics. The conversation concluded with reflections on broader European politics and leadership transitions in France. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.

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Hartmann, Peter 66

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich 61

Yeltsin, Boris 50

Bush, George H.W. 33

Mitterrand, François 26

United States 139

Soviet Union 124

Helmut Kohl Transcripts 165

Gulf War, 1990-1991 35

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe 18

End of the Cold War 18

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series 14