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Western Europe

Great Britain

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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Western Europe

France

"The Bundeshaus (Federal Building) in Bonn, West Germany, May 1961. "

Western Europe

West Germany

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Anti-Nuclear Peace Movements

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Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND)

1957 -

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

Photo of the Geneva Conference of 1954

Geneva Conference of 1954

Nuclear Proliferation

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Sino-Soviet Relations

Pakistani Nuclear History

Margaret Thatcher in 1984

Thatcher, Margaret

1925 - 2013

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein

Hussein, Saddam

1937 - 2006

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893 - 1976

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Documents

August 24, 1955	Cable from the Chinese Foreign Ministry, 'Analysis of the Private Dinner and the 10th Meeting and Instructions for the 11th Meeting of the Sino-US Ambassadorial Talks' The Foreign Ministry instructed Wang that China would not have a determined time to release all the American citizens, as the US requested. However, China could agree to deal with the issue “as soon as possible” in the amendment.
April 15, 1969	Memorandum from Henry A. Kissinger to President Nixon, 'Guidance to State and Defense Department on Our Attitude Toward Military Cooperation with the French' Kissinger informs Nixon of a discussion he had with British Defense Minister Denis Healey about French/U.S. military cooperation. Kissinger has told Healey that the French have not approached the U.S., and that any decision to aid France would have to be heavily weighed beforehand. Kissinger and Healey have agreed to inform one another should he be approached for such assistance by France in the future.
April 22, 1969	Memorandum from Henry A. Kissinger to William P. Rogers, US-French Military Relations This is a follow up of a memorandum from Kissinger to Nixon that was sent on April 15, 1969, where Nixon approved Kissinger to tell the Secretary of State the same points that were discussed in the original memorandum. Such points were that Kissinger has told Healey, British Defense Minister, that the French have not approached the U.S. for military assistance, and that any decision to aid France would have to be heavily weighed beforehand. The necessity for secrecy on these topics is stressed by Kissinger.
October 21, 1969	Memorandum from Theodore L. Eliot Jr. to Henry A. Kissinger, 'British Position on Nuclear Cooperation with France' The British have not made any military or nuclear alliance with France, and they will disclose any such approaches from France to the United States. The U.S. is willing to say in response that they have not been approached by the French and would be willing to disclose any such approach in the future, but the U.S. is not willing say that their position is exactly the same as the British one because they "are not sure of the detailed implications of the broad phraseology of [the British’s] statement" and do not want to be bound to any extreme commitments.
June 2007	On Human Rights. Folder 51. The Chekist Anthology. Outlines the KGB’s response to the USSR’s signing of the Helsinki Accords in 1975. The accords obligated signatories to respect their citizens’ human rights. This gave Soviet dissidents and westerners leverage in demanding that the USSR end persecution on the basis of religious or political beliefs. Some of the KGB’s active measures included the establishment of a charitable fund dedicated to helping victims of imperialism and capitalism, and the fabrication of a letter from a Ukrainian group to FRG President Walter Scheel describing human rights violations in West Germany. The document also mentions that the Soviet Ministry of Defense obtained an outline of the various European powers’ positions on human rights issues as presented at the March 1977 meeting of the European Economic Community in London from the Italian Foreign Ministry. The KGB also initiated Operation “Raskol” [“Schism”], which ran between 1977 and 1980. This operation included active measures to discredit Soviet dissidents Andrei Sakharov, Yelena Bonner, and Alexander Solzhenitsyn, measures designed to drive a wedge between the US and its democratic allies, and measures intended to convince the US government that continued support for the dissident movement did nothing to harm the position of the USSR.
November 8, 1963	Conversation with Comrades Pimenov, Witek and Shicha on 27 October 1963 The Council of UDSSR Embassy Pimenov and the First Secretaries of the Polish and Czech Embassy discussed the problematic economic cooperation between North Korea and socialist countries, accusing North Korea of exploiting the help offered.
1986	Peace Through Non-Alignment: The case for British withdrawal from NATO Pamphlet arguing for British withdrawal from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It examines the origins of NATO, its role in U.S. foreign policy, its nuclear strategies, and its effect on British politics and national security.
1980	Protect and Survive British government booklet aimed at the general public describing "how to make your home and your family as safe as possible under nuclear attack."
1982	Target North-West: Civil Defence & Nuclear War in Cumbria, Lancashire, Manchester, Merseyside, and Cheshire Pamphlet by the Richardson Institute for Peace and Conflict Research detailing the effects and aftermath of a nuclear war on Northwest England. Describes emergency defense plans for the post-attack government.
1981	The Effects and Control of Radiation British government pamphlet intended to calm public fears about radiation and the nuclear energy industry. Describes sources of radiation in the United Kingdom and biological effects of exposure, arguing that health risks are minor and the industry is safe.

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Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) 34

Thatcher, Margaret 16

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich 14

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United States 256

Soviet Union 170

Anti-Nuclear Peace Movements 38

Geneva Conference of 1954 29

Nuclear Proliferation 29

Helmut Kohl Transcripts 24

Sino-Soviet Relations 23