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Photograph of the Hands of Victory Monument in Baghdad.

Middle East

Iraq

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Saddam on the Phone in 1988

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Photograph of Azadi Tower

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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

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Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

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Photograph of the city of Kuwait.

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Gulf War, 1990-1991

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Emir Farid Chehab

Emir Farid Chehab Collection

Iranian soldiers in the Iran-Iraq War

Iran-Iraq War

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

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Aziz, Tariq

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Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924 - 2018

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Hartmann, Peter

1935 -

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Kaifu, Toshiki

1931 - 2022

The Osirak Air Raid

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Documents

November 22, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Breakfast Meeting with President Mitterrand on Wednesday, 21 November 1990 in Paris for the Occasion of the CSCE Summit Kohl and Mitterrand assess the relevance of the Paris CSCE Summit and the situation in the Gulf, especially UN resolutions on Iraq and the potential use of force under a UN mandate.
November 13, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Soviet President M.S. Gorbachev on 9 November 1990, 3:15 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. at the Federal Chancellery Kohl and Gorbachev review the state of bilateral relations, the Gulf crisis and the situation in the Soviet Union, especially with regards to Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost and the Soviet Union's economic reforms. They discuss Western economic assistance and food supplies for the Soviet Union as well.
November 9, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with Polish Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki Frankfurt/Oder, 8 November 1990, 11.15 - 15.15 hours Kohl and Mazowieki engage in a comprehensive review on the state of bilateral relations. They discuss trade, culture, infrastructure projects, questions related to the German minority in Poland as well as European security and defense, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the GDR and Polish purchases of military equipment from former East German stocks.
October 31, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with Mr. Willy Brandt on Wednesday, 31 October 1990 Brandt agrees to Kohl's request to serve as a mediator and interlocutor for the Iraqi side in an effort to achieve the release of hostages in Iraq.
October 28, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with President Mitterrand in Rome, on Sunday, 28 October 1990 Kohl and Mitterrand debate the situation in the Gulf, the state of reforms in the Soviet Union, and the prospects for progress in terms of European integration.
September 16, 1991	Memorandum of Conversation: Meeting with Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of Germany, September 16, 1991, 12:00-1:30pm This memorandum captures a discussion between President George H. W. Bush and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl on September 16, 1991, focusing on international and bilateral relations. Topics include U.S.-Germany academic and cultural exchanges, European political integration, NATO's role, and French-German relations. Chancellor Kohl emphasized the benefits of strong U.S.-Germany cooperation, particularly in promoting NATO within a politically unified Europe. He expressed concern over Japan's economic dominance and Europe's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), advocating for reforms to enhance global trade and support developing nations. Discussions also covered the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with both leaders stressing the importance of resisting extreme policies to maintain peace prospects. Additionally, Kohl shared insights on internal German challenges post-reunification and SPD (Social Democratic Party) dynamics. The conversation concluded with reflections on broader European politics and leadership transitions in France. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
February 18, 1991	Memorandum of Telephone Conversation: Telcon with Chancellor Kohl of Germany, February 18, 1991, 12:04-12:32 p.m. Kohl briefs Bush on a conversation he recently had with Iranian Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Velayati concerning the Gulf War. Bush and Kohl also discuss Soviet views on the conflict, as also recent exchanges between France and Germany on GATT negotiations.
January 28, 1991	Memorandum of Telephone Conversation: Telcon with Chancellor Kohl of Germany, January 28, 1991, 11:08-11:28 a.m. On a phone call, Bush and Kohl discuss the Gulf War, including the evacuation of Iraqi planes to Iran, Saddam Hussein's state of mind, the role of Turkey, and German's financial contribution.
March 26, 1993	Memorandum of Conversation: Luncheon Meeting with German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, March 26, 1993, 1:15 - 2:20 pm Clinton, Kohl, and others discuss Russia's political and economic situation, aid for Russia, German and American involvement in Iraq prior to the Gulf War, and other international issues.
May 31, 1968	Compilation of Comments on the Treaty of Tlatelolco Formulated during the General Debate of the First Committee on the Topic of the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Excluding Those of the Representative of Mexico...) This memorandum is a compendium of comments about the Treaty of Tlatelolco made by different delegations at the UN. It includes statements by the delegates from the United States, Brazil, Ireland, Ethiopia, Austria, Italy, Pakistan, El Salvador, Mauritania, Iraq, Greece, Spain, Tanzania, Zambia, the Netherlands, Argentina, Venezuela, Sierra Leone, Canada, Jordan, Ecuador, Guyana, Colombia, Malta, Panama, Bolivia, Costa Rica, and Peru, in that order.