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Photograph of the Hands of Victory Monument in Baghdad.

Middle East

Iraq

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Saddam on the Phone in 1988

The Saddam Files

Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein

Hussein, Saddam

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Photograph of Azadi Tower

Middle East

Iran

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

Photograph of the city of Kuwait.

Middle East

Kuwait

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Gulf War, 1990-1991

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Emir Farid Chehab

Emir Farid Chehab Collection

Iranian soldiers in the Iran-Iraq War

Iran-Iraq War

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

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Aziz, Tariq

-

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924 - 2018

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Hartmann, Peter

1935 -

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Kaifu, Toshiki

1931 - 2022

The Osirak Air Raid

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September 29, 1989	National Intelligence Daily for Friday, 29 September 1989 The CIA’s National Intelligence Daily for 29 September 1989 describes the latest developments in China, Tunisia, the Soviet Union, Ecuador, Peru, Yugoslavia, Iraq, Philippines, Indonesia, Iran, and Brazil.
June 27, 1969	Embassy of the GDR in the PR China, 'Note about a Conversation of the Ambassador of the GDR in the PR China, Comrade Hertzfeldt, with the Head of Main Department in the Foreign Ministry of the PR China, Yu Zhan, on 2 June 1969' A report on the GDR's foreign relations with countries such as Cambodia, Iraq, and Sudan, as well as with West Germany.
June 9, 1963	Record of a Conversation between N. S. Khrushchev and the Vice President of the UAR Marshall Abdel Hakim Amer Khrushchev and Marshal Amer discuss regional developments in Iraq and Syria, the Kurdish question, anti-imperialist struggles, and the UAR’s economic nationalization efforts. Khrushchev criticizes Arab nationalism and the repression of communists, while Amer requests a review of Soviet arms pricing and emphasizes the UAR's commitment to socialism and independence.
April 20, 1963	Record of a Conversation between N. S. Khrushchev, Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, and Ali Sabri, Chairman of the United Arab Republic Executive Council Khrushchev and Ali Sabri discussed political developments in the Middle East, including the revolutions in Yemen and Iraq, as well as efforts to reunify Egypt and Syria within the framework of Arab unity. They also addressed Soviet-Egyptian relations, including ongoing Soviet assistance with projects like the Aswan Dam, and the positive visit of Nasser’s family to the USSR. Khrushchev expressed skepticism about the political direction of Iraq and Syria and cautioned against anti-communist tendencies, while affirming support for Arab independence and cooperation with Egypt.
June 21, 1961	Reception of Ambassador of the Republic of Iraq Abd el Wahab Mahmoud by Comrade N. S. Khrushchev On June 20, 1961, Nikita Khrushchev, Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, held a farewell meeting with Abd Elwahab Mahmoud, the departing Ambassador of Iraq to the Soviet Union. The discussion reflected on Mahmoud’s tenure in the USSR and the strained relations between Iraq and the Soviet Union under General Qasim's government. Khrushchev expressed regret over Mahmoud's departure, noting the deterioration in Soviet-Iraq relations. He criticized General Qasim for persecuting communists and patriots who supported Iraq’s revolution, comparing Qasim's actions unfavorably to Lenin's strategic leadership during the Russian Revolution. Khrushchev also discussed broader ideological themes, emphasizing the superiority of the socialist system, Soviet progress in education and industrial production, and the country’s long-term economic and cultural development program. Mahmoud acknowledged the challenges in Iraq, expressing optimism that Qasim’s rule was temporary and that Iraq would eventually realign with democratic and progressive forces. He emphasized the Iraqi people's desire for friendship with the USSR. The conversation concluded with Khrushchev praising Mahmoud’s work as ambassador and offering his best wishes for Mahmoud's future, with advice to share the USSR's perspectives with Qasim if it would not harm him personally. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
July 21, 1958	Record of a Conversation between N. S. Khrushchev and the Indian Ambassador to the Soviet Union K. P. S. Menon Khrushchev decries the politics of the United States and England in Iraq following the July 14th Revolution.
December 17, 1957	[N.S. Khrushchev's] Reception of the Syrian Government Delegation They discusses the current state of the affairs in the Levant and Arab world, including plots against Khalid Al-Azm himself and several other regional leaders. Then, Al-Azm thanks Khrushchev for the Soviet government's support to the Syrian people and delegation members explain how the National Front has been acting to prevent the incursion of imperialist forces.
January 11, 1956	Reception by N.S. Khrushchev of Sa'ed, Leader of the Iranian Parliamentary Delegation Khrushchev asks Sayed, the head of the Iranian delegation, about his impressions of the Central Asian and Caucasian republics that they visited. He also expresses his dissatisfaction with Iran’s entry into the Baghdad Pact and urges for improvement of relations between the Soviet Union and Iran.
September 27, 1980	Telegram from the American Embassy in Muscat to the Secretary of State, 'Oman to give Iraq access to facilities for attack on Iran' In a telegram to the Secretary of State, Buck discusses the Omani decision to give Iraq access to facilities in order to attack Iran, and suggests that the United States must urge Oman to remain neutral in order to promote regional stability.
October 1, 1980	Telegram from the American Embassy in Muscat to the Secretary of State, 'Discussion with Zawawi on Iraqi access to facilities for attack on Iran' Buck reports on a conversation with Zawawi on Oman's decision to support Iraq against Iran in the Iran-Iraq War.