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Photograph of the Hands of Victory Monument in Baghdad.

Middle East

Iraq

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Saddam on the Phone in 1988

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Hussein, Saddam

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Photograph of Azadi Tower

Middle East

Iran

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

Photograph of the city of Kuwait.

Middle East

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Gulf War, 1990-1991

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Emir Farid Chehab

Emir Farid Chehab Collection

Iranian soldiers in the Iran-Iraq War

Iran-Iraq War

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

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Aziz, Tariq

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Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924 - 2018

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Hartmann, Peter

1935 -

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Kaifu, Toshiki

1931 - 2022

The Osirak Air Raid

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October 1981	Meeting between Saddam Hussein and His Senior Advisors Following the Israeli Attack on Osirak Saddam Hussein discusses the Israeli air strike against the Iraqi reactor at Osirak, explaining why the attack was expected and his reasons for pursuing nuclear weapons development.
November 22, 1980	Transcript of a Meeting between Saddam Hussein and the Armed Forces General Command Saddam Hussein received an update from the Iraqi Armed Forces General Command on the progress of the Iran-Iraq War.
October 1, 1981	Saddam and Senior Iraqi Officials Discussing the Conflict with Iran, Iraqi Targets and Plans, a Recent Attack on the Osirak Reactor, and Various Foreign Countries Meeting of top Iraqi officials to discuss the ongoing war with Iran and Israeli air strikes.
March 27, 1979	Revolutionary Command Council Meeting after the Baghdad Conference of 1979 Saddam and his executive Revolutionary Command Council discuss the March resolutions of the Arab League, which included the expulsion of Egypt and the cutting diplomatic ties due to its peace treaty with Israel.
June 3, 1978	Transcript of a Speech Given by Saddam Hussein on 'The Role of the Iraqi Armed Forces in the Arab-Zionist Conflict' at Al-Bakr University Saddam Hussein lectures on the history of Israel and Iraq's involvement in the Arab-Israeli wars.
July 1991	National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 5-91C, 'Prospects for Special Weapons Proliferation and Control' With the term “weapons of mass destruction” having not yet fully come into general usage, this NIE used the term “special weapons” to describe nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons (formerly the term “special weapons” was sometimes used to describe nuclear weapons only). With numerous excisions, including the names of some countries in the sections on “East Asia and the Pacific” and “Central America,” this wide-ranging estimate provides broad-brushed, sometimes superficial, pictures of the situations in numerous countries along with coverage of international controls to halt sensitive technology exports to suspect countries.
July 1982	National Intelligence Estimate, NIE-4-82, 'Nuclear Proliferation Trends Through 1987' With proliferation becoming a “greater threat to US interests over the next five years,” intelligence analysts believed that the “disruptive aspect of the proliferation phenomenon will constitute the greater threat to the United States.” While the estimators saw “low potential” for terrorist acquisition of nuclear weapons, the likelihood of terrorist/extortionist hoaxes was on the upswing. Significant portions of the NIE are excised, especially the estimate of Israel’s nuclear arsenal and its impact in the Middle East. Nevertheless, much information remains on the countries of greatest concern: Iraq and Libya in the Near East, India and Pakistan in South Asia, Brazil and Argentina in Latin America, and the Republic of South Africa, as well as those of lesser concern: Iran, Egypt, Taiwan and the two Koreas.
August 26, 1982	Memorandum, Information for the President, 'Trade Promotion. Brazil-Iraq. Economic-Commercial Relations' Memo to President Figueiredo highlighting the 1,000% increase in Brazil-Iraq bilateral trade between 1971 and 1980, but also points to a non-conducive environment for Brazilian companies in Iraq despite their heroic decision to remain there during the war, unlike other foreign companies. Attached to the document we find a draft of a letter from President Figueiredo to his “great and good friend” Saddam Hussein, in which he is seeking Hussein’s solidarity and understanding the necessity to resolve the issues on the bilateral economic agenda.
May 27, 1982	Memorandum, Minister Saraiva Guerreiro, Information for the President of Brazil, 'Protection to Brazilians. Mendes Junior Workers Detained by Iraqi Authorities' Memo to President Figueiredo dealing with the arrest and inadequate treatment applied to three employees of Mendes Jr., a Brazilian company operating in civil construction projects in Iraq, and efforts—mostly frustrated—by Brazilian diplomats to resolve the issue.
September 19, 1979	Memoraundum, Minister Saraiva Guerreiro, Information for the President, ''Nuclear Cooperation. Brazil-Iraq' In a memo to President Figueiredo, Minister Saraiva Guerreiro advises that Brazil should demonstrate receptivity to Iraq’s proposal but avoid a formal commitment, especially in “sensitive” areas that relate to the Germany-Brazil Agreement. Supply of uranium should be admitted as a possibility if mentioned by the Iraqis. The document emphasizes that the cooperation should be made public and become subject to all international safeguard agreements and regimes.