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Photograph of the Hands of Victory Monument in Baghdad.

Middle East

Iraq

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Saddam on the Phone in 1988

The Saddam Files

Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein

Hussein, Saddam

1937 - 2006

Photograph of Azadi Tower

Middle East

Iran

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

Photograph of the city of Kuwait.

Middle East

Kuwait

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Gulf War, 1990-1991

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Emir Farid Chehab

Emir Farid Chehab Collection

Iranian soldiers in the Iran-Iraq War

Iran-Iraq War

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

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Aziz, Tariq

-

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924 - 2018

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Hartmann, Peter

1935 -

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Kaifu, Toshiki

1931 - 2022

The Osirak Air Raid

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January 30, 1979	Aviso no. 025/79, Response from Minister Antonio Francisco Azeredo da Silveira and General Gustavo Rego Reis In separate replies regarding Iraq's overtures, both Foreign Minister Silveira and Secretary-General of the National Security Council Gustavo Rego Reis suggest that Brazil should not decline explicitly, but avoid making commitments on this issue. General Reis emphasizes Saddam Hussein’s “leftist inclinations” and his ties to the socialist camp and the extensiveness of the proposed agreement. He notes that Brazil had already rejected proposals by Uruguay, Chile and Libya. Silveira merely requested additional time to study the proposal.
January 17, 1979	Memorandum, Shigeaki Ueki, Brazilian Minister of Energy on Nuclear Energy Cooperation with Iraq Minister of Mines and Energy, Shigeaki Ueki, reports to the Secretary-General of the National Security Council, General Gustavo Rego Reis, and to the Foreign Minister, Azeredo da Silveira, the requests made by Iraqi officials in 1978 and the stage of negotiations on the subject. He emphasizes the high value placed by Iraq on the matter and the increased relevance of Iraq as an oil-supplier and recommends that Brazil should satisfy Iraq’s demand.
July 7, 1976	Memorandum for the President, 'Commercial Relations of Brazil with Petroleum Producing Countries' This internal memo describes Brazil’s relations with oil producers as of 1976. It highlights the importance of Iraq as an oil supplier and the necessity of expanding exports to reduce the deficit in bilateral trade.
December 12, 1978	TELEGRAM 067.069 from the Romanian Embassy in Pyongyang to the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs The Iraqi government agrees to grant the DPRK an interest-free loan worth $50 million.
June 10, 1981	Letter from Israeli General Rafael Eitan to South African Minister Magnus Malan on Israeli Airstrike on Iraqi Nuclear Reactor Chief of Staff of Israel Defense Forces, General Rafael Eitan writes to South African Minister of Defence Magnus Malan shortly after Israel’s 1981 strike on Iraq’s Osirak nuclear reactor. In this candid letter, Eitan states that Israel’s “iron determination” would not “allow these crazy Arabs to possess nuclear weapons," adding that "anyone who tries to say that the nuclear reactor in Iraq was only for research purposes is wicked, cynical and oil, not human blood, flows in his veins."
May 10, 1955	Report from the Chinese Foreign Ministry, 'Comments on the Asian-African Conference from the Participating Countries After the Conference' Description of the reaction to the Asian-African Conference in both participating countries and capitalist ruled countries.
April 25, 1955	Cable from Zhou Enlai, 'Specific Refutations against the American Disruption of Influence of the Afro-Asian Conference' Zhou Enlai's instructions to Wen Tian on countering the "Soviet neocolonialism" and "various forms of colonialism" argument from pro-American countries.
May 8, 1989	Report on the First Baghdad International Exhibition of Military Technology An East German report on the 1st Baghdad International Exhibition from 28 April to 2 May 1989. The exhibition is an event organized by the committee of the Ministry for Industry and Military Production of the Republic of Iraq. 200 companies from 29 countries in an area of about 31,000 square meters participated in the event in Baghdad. Meanwhile, the GDR hopes to build up its trade relations with Iraq because these relations have severely declined since the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War.
January 21, 1987	Activities by the Iraqi Embassy to Find Out About Assumed Arms Deals between GDR and Iran Information from a source in the Iraqi Embassy on a meeting to discuss the deteriorating relations between Iraq and East Germany. Iraqi officials are suspicious that East Germany is exporting arms or military equipment to Iran, but so far do not have any conclusive evidence.
December 16, 1986	Report on Detention of a United States Military Attache in Kuwait Report on detention of a United States Military Attache in Kuwait while trying to gather information on arms shipments between the Soviet Union and Iraq, via Kuwait.