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Middle East

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United States

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Northern Africa

Egypt

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Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Israeli Nuclear History

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Middle East

Iraq

Photograph of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.

Middle East

Palestine

South African Nuclear History

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Kissinger, Henry

1923 -

The Six-Day War (1967)

Saddam on the Phone in 1988

The Saddam Files

Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein

Hussein, Saddam

1937 - 2006

Emir Farid Chehab

Emir Farid Chehab Collection

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

1989 -

Richard Nixon

Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)

1913 - 1994

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906 - 1982

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United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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March 20, 1991	The Chancellor’s [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with the American Jewish Committee on 19 March 1991 Kohl and the American Jewish Committee review the international position of unified Germany in Europe and in NATO in particular. Kohl rejects the term "leadership role" for Germany.
March 18, 1991	The Chancellor’s [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Israel‘s Foreign Minister Levy on Thursday, 14 March 1991, 13.15 until 14.15 hours Kohl and Levy discuss the situation in Iraq, the Palestine question and Israel's request for financial assistance from the Federal Republic of Germany.
March 5, 1991	The Chancellor’s [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with Iran’s President Rafsanjani on Tuesday, 5 March 1991 Kohl and Rafsandjani talk about plans for the emergence of a new security system in the Middle East after the end of the Gulf War. They emphasize the importance of maintaining Iraq's territorial integrity.
January 31, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with British Foreign Minister Douglas Hurd on 30 January 1991 Kohl and Hurd discuss Germany's financial aid in support of Britain's military operations in the Gulf in the amount of DM 800 million. Moreover, Kohl reviews his efforts for constitutional changes in order to enable Germany's participation in future of out-of-are missions.
January 31, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with the American President George Bush on 28 January 1991 Kohl and Bush review the situation in the Gulf and discuss Germany's financial contribution to the costs of the war. In terms of numbers, Bush has in mind one billion dollar as a contribution to the previous costs for the "desert shield" campaign and another five billion dollars to help cover the first three months of the war.
January 18, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Soviet Ambassador Terechov on 17 January 1991 On behalf of Gorbachev, Ambassador Terechov complains that the Soviet government was only informed about the start of U.S. military operations in the Persian Gulf an hour in advance.
November 22, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Breakfast Meeting with President Mitterrand on Wednesday, 21 November 1990 in Paris for the Occasion of the CSCE Summit Kohl and Mitterrand assess the relevance of the Paris CSCE Summit and the situation in the Gulf, especially UN resolutions on Iraq and the potential use of force under a UN mandate.
September 16, 1991	Memorandum of Conversation: Meeting with Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of Germany, September 16, 1991, 12:00-1:30pm This memorandum captures a discussion between President George H. W. Bush and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl on September 16, 1991, focusing on international and bilateral relations. Topics include U.S.-Germany academic and cultural exchanges, European political integration, NATO's role, and French-German relations. Chancellor Kohl emphasized the benefits of strong U.S.-Germany cooperation, particularly in promoting NATO within a politically unified Europe. He expressed concern over Japan's economic dominance and Europe's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), advocating for reforms to enhance global trade and support developing nations. Discussions also covered the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with both leaders stressing the importance of resisting extreme policies to maintain peace prospects. Additionally, Kohl shared insights on internal German challenges post-reunification and SPD (Social Democratic Party) dynamics. The conversation concluded with reflections on broader European politics and leadership transitions in France. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
September 3, 1963	Undated, unsigned handwritten note, possibly by Minister without Portfolio Galili Written by an unknown author (possibly Galili) to an unknown recipient, this document dates from September 1963. It points to the fact that Israel saw itself as stricltly in adherance to the nuclear-related commitments undertaken by Ben Gurion in his letters to President John F. Kennedy, referred to the note as “B.G letters”. The note consists of a list of short explanatory statements on the nature of these commitments and how Israel interprets them. Editor's note: Because of the unique provenance of this document, it should be treated as unauthenticated and interpreted skeptically. Readers are strongly encouraged to read the associated essay by Or Rabinowitz.
Date unknown	Undated, unsigned handwritten note, presumably written by Minister Pinchas Sapir to Minister without Portfolio Yisrael Galili Presumably written by Minister Pinchas Sapir to Minister without Portfolio Yisrael Galili, this handwritten and undated note underscores the tension between those in the Israeli leadership who spearheaded the construction of Dimona, led by Shimon Peres and Moshe Dayan, and those who doubted it and its financial feasibility, like Allon and others. Editor's note: Because of the unique provenance of this document, it should be treated as unauthenticated and interpreted skeptically. Readers are strongly encouraged to read the associated essay by Or Rabinowitz.

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