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Western Europe

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North Atlantic Council Meeting, Lisbon, June 1985

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Satellite image of Western Europe

Western Europe

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Italy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cuban Missile Crisis

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Middle East

Turkey

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Western Europe

France

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Italy. Ministry of Defense

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United States. Embassy (Italy)

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Euromissiles Crisis

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Handshake between Zhao Ziyang, on the right, and Etienne Davignon

China-Western Europe Relations

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Fulci, Francesco Paolo

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Alessandrini, Adolfo

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Fanfani, Amintore

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September 6, 1961	Record of the Conversation of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N. S. Khrushchev with the Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru Khrushchev and Nehru discuss rising global tensions, particularly surrounding the German peace treaty and the status of Berlin. Nehru expresses concerns about the resumption of Soviet nuclear tests, warning of their impact on global opinion and the risk of escalating conflict. Khrushchev defends the tests as a necessary response to Western threats and military buildup. The two leaders are later joined by Ghanaian President Nkrumah to present a collective appeal from the Belgrade Conference, urging peaceful solutions and proposing a summit between Khrushchev and Kennedy to reduce the risk of war. Khrushchev emphasizes the need for global disarmament and greater involvement from neutral nations to pressure the US toward peace, while Nehru advocates for careful diplomacy to avoid further polarization.
August 18, 1961	Draft of a Letter of N. S. Khrushchev to A. Fanfani, Prime Minister of Italy, on the Question of the Signing of a Peace Treaty with Germany, and the Status of West Berlin Khrushchev writes to Italian Prime Minister Fanfani to reaffirm the Soviet Union’s intention to sign a peace treaty with Germany, regardless of Western opposition. He expresses hope that Western powers will join the treaty but makes clear that the USSR will proceed if they do not. Khrushchev emphasizes that access to West Berlin will remain open, while criticizing any threats of war as unreasonable and dangerous.
July 13, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Italian Prime Minister Amato at the "Four Seasons" Hotel in Munich, 5 July 1992, 16.00-17.00 hours Kohl and Amato reason about the best ways of financial assistance for Russia. They do not yet want to include Russia in the World Economic Summits on a permanent basis. There is consensus that the door for Russia must remain open, however.
June 30, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with French President Mitterrand over Breakfast on Saturday, 27 June 1992 Mitterrand emphasizes that Yugoslavia could turn into "a second Vietnam” in case of a Western military intervention. He questions the rational of U.S. and British policy in the Balkans and rejects France's military involvement. Kohl rules out Germany's participation in military operations.
October 9, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversations with Italian Prime Minister Andreotti, October 4, 7, and 8, 1991 Kohl and Andreotti elaborate on the timing of Slovenia's and Croatia's recognition. Due to the lack of consensus on this within the EC, they agree to go ahead with a group of five or six countries recognizing Slovenia and Croatia. Both emphasize the need to avoid a repetition of the 1941 World War II coalition in this regard.
July 25, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with President Gorbachev on 24 July, 15:00 Hours Kohl and Gorbachev engage in an assessment of the World Economic Summit in London.
April 25, 1963	Note from Secretary of Defense McNamara to President Kennedy In a hand-written note, McNamara reports that the last Jupiter missile in Turkey “came down yesterday” and that “The last Jupiter warhead will be flown out of Turkey on Saturday.”
March 30, 1963	Department of State Telegram 1905 to the American Embassy Rome The State Department instructs the embassies in Ankara and Rome of the importance of avoiding “fallacious comparison between Jupiter dismantling and withdrawal Soviet missiles from Cuba.” To help do that, the embassies should ensure that “no official facilitation will be given press or photo coverage of missile dismantling.” In response to any press queries, the embassies could state that “dismantled missiles will be transported over period several weeks.” To avoid an “air of mystery” around the dismantling, the Department opposed efforts to block media coverage of missiles in transit. The embassies should approach Italian and Turkish officials “along [those] lines.”
March 28, 1963	American Embassy Rome Airgram A-1368 to State Department, 'Exchange of Notes Affecting Replacement of Jupiter Missiles in Italy' On March 22, 1963, through an exchange of notes, the U.S. and Italy confirmed the final agreement on the dismantling of the Jupiter missiles and their replacement with patrols of Polaris submarines assigned to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe. The Polaris patrols would begin on April 1, 1963, and the dismantling operation would occur during the next 25 days.
March 19, 1963	American Embassy Rome Telegram 1890 to the Secretary of State, Washington, DC The Embassy had informed the Italian Foreign Office of the need to coordinate the dismantling with military officials, but, according to the U.S. military assistance mission, Ministry of Defense officials were without instructions. An “early exchange of notes would help button up matter promptly.” The Embassy made the point that the “action to be completed within 25 days includes removal from Italy of nose cones, warheads and guidance systems, and laying missiles in horizontal positions, but that salvage of missile hulls and disposal of assorted administrative equipment … might take as long as six-eight months.”