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Photograph of Riyadh towers

Middle East

Saudi Arabia

Photograph of the Hands of Victory Monument in Baghdad.

Middle East

Iraq

Photograph of Amman, Jordan

Middle East

Jordan

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Egyptian Pyramids

Northern Africa

Egypt

Photograph of Sayyida Zainab bin Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib Shrine.

Middle East

Syria

Emir Farid Chehab

Emir Farid Chehab Collection

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Gulf War, 1990-1991

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein

Hussein, Saddam

1937 - 2006

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Hussein bin Talal, King of Jordan

1935 - 1999

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924 - 2018

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Arafat, Yasir

1929 - 2004

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Kaifu, Toshiki

1931 - 2022

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Fahd, bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

- 2005

Bandung Conference 1955

Bandung Conference, 1955

Nikita Khrushchev Collection

President Ronald Reagan, Vice-President Bush, and oviet General Secretary Gorbachev

United States-Soviet Relations

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September 12, 1962	Record of a Conversation of N.S. Khrushchev With the Minister of State and Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia in the UN, Ahmad Shukeiry On September 12, 1962, N.S. Khrushchev met with Saudi Arabian representative Ahmad Shukeiry in Gagra to discuss various global issues. They covered Soviet intervention in Egypt and the Middle East, European imperialism in Africa, the Algerian and Indonesian struggles against colonial powers, and US elections and labor unions. Khrushchev emphasized the USSR’s competition with the capitalist world, while Shukeiry expressed gratitude for Soviet support in Arab and anti-imperialist movements, including Palestine. They also discussed potential Soviet-Saudi diplomatic relations and Khrushchev’s possible visit to the UN General Assembly.
November 23, 1979	From the Journal of A.F. Dobrynin, 'Record of a Conversation with Z Former US Secretary of State Kissinger, 23 November 1979’ In this November 1979 conversation, Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin confronted former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger over his increasingly anti-Soviet rhetoric and alignment with Republican hardliners, which Dobrynin criticized as opportunistic and damaging to détente. Kissinger defended his shift as a tactical response to domestic political pressures and his ambitions to return to government, while still insisting he valued stable Soviet-American relations. The discussion also touched on US fears of instability in Saudi Arabia, the strategic implications of Soviet and Cuban involvement in Africa, and Kissinger's belief in the need for a tacit division of global influence between the superpowers.
March 1, 1978	From the Journal of A.F. Dobrynin, 'Record of a Conversation with Z. Brzezinski, Assistant to the President of the US for National Security, 1 March 1978' In this March 1978 conversation, Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin and US National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski discussed rising US concerns over Soviet and Cuban military involvement in the Horn of Africa, particularly its perceived threat to Western oil routes and the stability of Saudi Arabia. Dobrynin rejected Brzezinski’s fears as exaggerated, reiterating that the conflict stemmed from Somali aggression and emphasizing that the Soviet presence supported Ethiopia's defense. The meeting ended with both sides restating their entrenched positions, with the US seeking assurances of de-escalation and Soviet withdrawal, which Dobrynin declined to provide.
October 3, 1990	Cable No. 1828 from Ambassador Yamada Chusei (Egypt) to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'Japan-Egypt Summit Meeting (First Meeting: The Situation in the Gulf)' The small group session at the beginning of the meeting was suddenly, on instructions from President Hosni Mubarak, turned into a tete-a-tete meeting (only the other side’s Prime Minister Atef Sedky joined him), with the situation in the Gulf the only issue raised. The document is a summary of its main points. (Present from the other side was Prime Minister Sedky. Interpreter: Tsuruoka Koji).
October 4, 1990	Cable No. 1202 from Ambassador Nonoyama Tadayuki (Jordan) to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'Prime Minister Kaifu’s Visit to Jordan (Tea with the Crown Prince)' Summary of Japanese Prime Minister Kaifu's conversation with Jordanian Crown Prince Hassan about Kaifu's earlier meeting with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Ramadan.
October 4, 1990	Cable No. 1190 from Ambassador Nonoyama Tadayuki (Jordan) to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'Prime Minister Kaifu’s Visit to Jordan (Meeting with the Crown Prince)' Summary of Japanese Prime Minister Kaifu's meeting with Jordanian Crown Prince Hassan following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. During the discussion, the Crown Prince expresses the economic and political difficulties Jordan has faced following the invasion and enactment of sanctions against Iraq. In addition to asking for Japanese economic investment, he provides a description of Saddam Hussein's mindset.
October 5, 1990	Cable No. 987 from Ambassador Sengoku Takashi (Turkey) to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'The Prime Minister’s Visit to the Middle East (Meeting With King Hussein of Jordan)' Summary of Japanese Prime Minister Kaifu's meeting with Jordanian King Hussein. The two discuss Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and the difficult position it put Jordan in, as well as each country's official stance on the conflict and other issues in the region.
October 9, 1990	Cable No. 703 from Ambassador Obara Takeshi (Oman) to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'The Prime Minister’s Visit to the Middle East (Talk With Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah)' Summary of Japanese Prime Minister Kaifu's meeting with Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The two briefly discuss Japanes-Saudi relations and Kaifu's meeting with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Ramadan.
October 7, 1990	Cable No. 450 from Counselor Wanibuchi Kazuo (Saudi Arabia) to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'The Prime Minister’s Visit to the Middle East (Meeting With King Fahd)' Summary of Japanese Prime Minister Kaifu's meeting with Saudi King Fahd following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. During the conversation, King Fahd expresses his shock at Saddam Hussein's decision to invade and the two agree on the need to end the war and restore Kuwait's royal family to power.
August 30, 1994	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with King Hussein Bin Talal of Jordan on 29 August 1994 at the Chancellor’s Office, 16.30 hours until 17.50 hours Kohl and King Hussein look into the situation in the Middle East and in Northern Africa. They focus on on the situation in the individual countries of the Middle East, the perspectives of the peace process in the region and the bilateral relationship between Germany and Jordan.