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Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Cuba's National Capitol Building, January 2010.

Central America and Caribbean

Cuba

Japan's Itsukushima Shrine

East Asia

Japan

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Western Europe

France

Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

Nuclear Proliferation

Sino-Soviet Relations

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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President Ronald Reagan, Vice-President Bush, and oviet General Secretary Gorbachev

United States-Soviet Relations

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United States. Department of State

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Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

A photo of Henry Kissinger from 1975

Kissinger, Henry

1923 -

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

Richard Nixon

Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)

1913 - 1994

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

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December 10, 1963	Memorandum by Ministry of Defense, 'NATO strategy' This correspondence between the Ministry of Defense and embassies in Washington and London discusses the current state of NATO's (nuclear strategy) and the different views held by France, Great Britain, Germany and United States.
July 9, 1963	Report by Ambassador Quaroni to Minister of Foreign Affairs Piccioni, 'General De Martino's candidacy and Standing Group' Italian Ambassador to London, Quaroni, analyzes the internal situation of NATO, and Italy's standing that he considers very weak. He describes the situation as "total Cold War" between US and France, where Kennedy and De Gaulle have different visions for the future.
May 1, 1961	Note, 'US strategic orientations; consequences on NATO strategy' The document presents the argument that nuclear weapons can and should be employed even in cases where they are not absolutely necessary because the cost of developing and maintaining conventional weapons is too high. Therefore, NATO should consider raising its ‘nuclear threshold’ to allow more atomic weapons to be developed in Europe and in the United States.
May 1, 1961	Memorandum by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'Procedure for the decision to use nuclear weapons' In the use of nuclear weapons for a purpose other than response to an attack, NATO members must reach a majority agreement rather than a unanimous vote. Furthermore, this majority vote must include the United States.
April 28, 1961	Memorandum by General Staff of Defense (SMD) for Minister of Defense Andreotti, 'Chief of staff's visit to the US' Report of the head of the Italian defense department’s recent trip to the United States. Of importance was the discussion of NATO’s long-term plan (ten to fifteen years), the strategic defense of the Balkans, the maintenance of the United States’ NATO forces in Europe, and the need to push development of conventional weapons to avoid having to employ nuclear weapons.
April 1, 1961	Memorandum by Admiral Corrado Tagliamonte to the Minister of Defense, 'American attitude toward NATO. President Kennedy's declarations' Report submitted to the Italian Minister of Defense regarding President Kennedy’s opinion that NATO should not construct a special nuclear force since the US has already developed a nuclear deterrent. According to the Kennedy, the creation of an additional deterrent would be useless and a waste of resources.
March 22, 1961	Message by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directorate General for Political Affairs and Security (DGAP), 'American attitude toward NATO - German opinions' Letter expressing Germany’s opinion that the defense of Europe is impossible without using nuclear weapons as an intimidation tactic and horror at the United States’ suggestion that Europe can defend itself with conventional weapons alone. Defense of Germany should be NATO’s top priority because if Germany falls, the rest of Europe falls. The letter also references NATO’s difficulty in developing a cohesive strategy because each country is too concerned with protecting its own territories and assets.
March 15, 1961	Message by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directorate General for Political Affairs and Security (DGAP), 'American attitude toward NATO - President Kennedy's declarations' Letter from the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs analyzing President Kennedy’s State of the Union Address. Despite stating his commitment to cooperating with NATO, the minister suspects that Kennedy has other priorities. The letter suggests that if the Kennedy expresses hesitancy in creating a nuclear force, European nations including Italy will move forward with or without American support.
May 15, 1961	Message by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directorate General for Political Affairs and Security (DGAP), 'Conversation Brosio-Acheson. NATO's nuclear weapons' Report on the United States’ development of nuclear weapons plans without consulting other NATO members and an analysis of the tensions between the United States (particularly Acheson and Herter) and Western Europe in regards to who should lead the nuclear weapons program.
October 19, 1990	Telegram by Permanent Representative to NATO Fulci to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'Transfer to Crotone of the 401st Formation of US Air Force' Short telegram in which Fulci reports his conversation with his US counterpart about the recent decision on the Crotone airbase. Taft described the episode as a "parliamentary ambush" and reiterated the US administration's determination to do everything possible to safeguard the strategically important project.

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United States. Central Intelligence Agency 106

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Soviet Union 1146

Cuban Missile Crisis 284

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty 224

Nuclear Proliferation 122

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