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Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Cuba's National Capitol Building, January 2010.

Central America and Caribbean

Cuba

Japan's Itsukushima Shrine

East Asia

Japan

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Western Europe

France

Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

Nuclear Proliferation

Sino-Soviet Relations

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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President Ronald Reagan, Vice-President Bush, and oviet General Secretary Gorbachev

United States-Soviet Relations

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United States. Department of State

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Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

A photo of Henry Kissinger from 1975

Kissinger, Henry

1923 -

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

Richard Nixon

Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)

1913 - 1994

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

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Documents

September 15, 1951	Untitled report on Prince Faisal's visit to London and its repercussions A lengthy report on reasons motivating Prince Faisal's visit to London, US-Britian contention for oil, and secrets regarding Iraq-Jordan unification.
September 23, 1977	State Department telegram 229507 to U.S. Embassy London et al., 'Nuclear Suppliers Meeting – Assessment' This document describes the progress made up to that point and the various concerns of countries within the group regarding the scale of safeguards, particularly from the French and Germans. The NSG also agreed to make the guidelines available to the IAEA so that it could publish them. The State Department had been reluctant to publish them, not least because they did not include full scope safeguards, but overriding that was an interest in dispelling Third World concerns about a “secret cartel.”
September 15, 1977	State Department telegram 222114 to U.S. Embassy Paris, 'Nuclear Suppliers Meeting' This document reflects that while full-scope safeguards had wide support in the group, both the French and the West German remained opposed. The Carter administration tried to persuade the French but they were worried about being "isolated" in the group and talked about withdrawing or opposing further meetings because the NSG had “fully achieved” its objectives. Washington persuaded Paris not to withdraw, but the group’s future was plainly uncertain.
May 3, 1977	State Department telegram to U.S. Embassy London et al., 'Nuclear Suppliers Meeting, April 28-29, 1977' This document describes the meeting of 15 nuclear supplier states in London where issues were discussed such as full-scope safeguards, including sanctions in the guidelines, purpose of supplier consent, moratoriums, enlargement of membership, and various countries' individual concerns were voiced and addressed.
November 12, 1976	London Embassy telegram 18324 to State Department, 'London Nuclear Suppliers’ Meeting, November 11 – 12' This telegram describes what the nuclear suppliers' countries accomplished during their November 11-12 meeting. Continued discussions of safeguards and enlarging the group, and agreed that they would wait on publishing results until after their next meeting, which was scheduled to be the following March in London.
June 11, 1976	George Vest to the Secretary of State, 'London Nuclear Suppliers Meeting' This document provides an overview of the London Nuclear Suppliers' Meeting which included the addition of the five newest countries to the original seven. Most old and new members were receptive when Washington lobbied them to support a “long term and stable regime of restraint” on the export of sensitive enrichment and reprocessing technology. While the French were supportive of the moratorium proposal, the Germans were uncomfortable with it, not least because of the implications for their deal with Brazil.
January 27, 1976	George Vest to the Secretary, 'Nuclear Suppliers Status Report' In this document regarding the final agreement, George Vest wrote Kissinger that it “served to close many of the loopholes and inadequacies of previous nuclear cooperation agreements between suppliers and recipients.” It also put the French and West Germans on record to restrict access to sensitive nuclear technologies. Nevertheless, as Vest noted, the guidelines would not prevent “indigenous” development of nuclear capabilities and “unsafeguarded developments” or the acquisition of sensitive technology.
December 31, 1975	Memorandum from George S. Springsteen, Executive Secretary, to National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft, 'Nuclear Suppliers Guidelines' This document comprises the instructions which the White House approved for the September 1975 suppliers’ meeting. At the November meeting, the suppliers completed negotiations on guidelines. Basic provisions included agreement to seek assurances by recipients of supplies not to produce nuclear explosive devices, physical security for installations and materials, transfer of trigger list items only under IAEA safeguards, restraint in transfer of sensitive technologies, facilities and materials, and the encouragement of supplier involvement in, and multinational controls over, sensitive installations. Appended to the guidelines was a two page “trigger list” based on the Zangger Committee’s list.
December 10, 1992	Draft Joint US-Russia Statement Regarding Security Guarantees/Assurances for Ukraine Joint statement by the United States and Russia giving security assurances in recognition of Ukraine's steps toward denuclearization.
November 18, 1992	Report of Ukrainian Foreign Minister A. Zlenko to President Kravchuk Letter about negotiations with US Ambassador to Ukraine R. Popadiuk regarding security guarantees for Ukraine

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