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Southern Africa

South Africa

South African Nuclear History

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

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Central Africa

Angola

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Southern Africa

Namibia

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Nuclear Proliferation

Photograph from the 1995 NPT Review Conference

The 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

Photograph of P.W. Botha

Botha, P. W. (Pieter Willem)

1916 - 2006

Cuba and Southern Africa

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De Klerk, F. W. (Frederik Willem)

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Botha, R. F. (Roelof Frederik) ("Pik")

1932 -

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Malan, Magnus

1930 - 2011

Israeli Nuclear History

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May 21, 2024	Interview with Sarah Mabeza Sarah Mabeza, a regional legal adviser for the ICRC, combines her passion for African diplomacy with a focus on nuclear disarmament. She emphasizes Africa’s leadership in the TPNW process, attributing success to collaboration with think tanks and civil society organizations. Mabeza highlights South Africa’s moral authority and convening power as key factors in mobilizing the African bloc for disarmament. She underscores the importance of sustained engagement and education to amplify Africa’s role in global nuclear policy. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
February 22, 2024	Interview with Noël Stott Noël Stott, based in South Africa, is a seasoned expert in nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. At VERTIC, he works on fostering African perspectives in global nuclear discourse, emphasizing the lack of organizations in Africa actively addressing WMD issues. Stott critiques the stagnation in disarmament since the Cold War and the failure to leverage moments of global cooperation. He calls for African states to pressurize nuclear powers to honor their NPT commitments, advocating for clear strategies to advance Article Six's disarmament provisions. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
March 28, 2024	Interview with Ian Fleming Zhou Ian Fleming Zhou, a PhD candidate in international relations, focuses on nuclear diplomacy and non-proliferation. His interest began during his undergraduate studies, where his academic curiosity about foreign policy narrowed into nuclear negotiations, influenced by his mentor. Active in both academia and activism, he sees these roles as complementary, enhancing his ability to advocate for disarmament. Zhou critiques the current geopolitical climate, noting failures in arms control dialogue and the destabilizing effects of nuclear weapons, and calls for greater civil society involvement to pressure governments for policy change. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
October 18, 1984	Saddam and Officials Discussing Military Operations and Secret Project During the Iran-Iraq War This audio file contains a meeting between Saddam Hussein and unknown officials dated 18 Oct 1984. They are discussing military and diplomatic issues pertaining to the Iran-Iraq War
November 5, 1990	Cable No. 360 from the Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Consul-General in Pretoria, 'ANC Deputy President Mandela’s Visit to Japan (Meeting with Prime Minister Kaifu)' Prime Minister Kaifu and Nelson Mandela met on October 29, 1990. Kaifu praised Mandela's perseverance and the positive political change ongoing in South Africa. Mandela elaborates on developments in his country and requests $25 million dollars in financial support from Japan for the African National Congress. Kaifu declines, saying it would be difficult for Japan to give support to a political party. Mandela expresses his frustration that Japan, a "prosperous country," will not support South Africa.
October 30, 1990	Meeting of ANC Deputy President Mandela with the Minister [Nakayama Taro] Nelson Mandela and Japanese Foreign Minister Nakayama Taro discuss political developments in South Africa and the need for Japanese economic assistance. Mandela expresses his disappointment that Japan will not offer financial aid for the African National Congress.
May 12, 1993	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with ANC Chairman Nelson Mandela on Monday, 10 May 1993 Kohl and Mandela review the situation in South Africa after the end of Apartheid analyzing conflicts between the Inkatha and the ANC. Mandela asks for Germany's financial assistance. Kohl agrees to review the request as long as Mandela himself was his interlocator on financial support for the ANC.
June 10, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with British Prime Minister Major on Sunday, 9 June 1991, in Chequers Kohl and Major examine the state of European integration. Britain's position in the EC, the Political Union as well as the Economic and Monetary Union. Moreover, they discuss the idea for the creation of a European policy force.
February 13, 1991	The Chancellor’s [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with British Prime Minister Major on Monday, 11 February 1991, at the Chancellor’s Office Kohl and Major review Germany's financial contributions in the support of the Gulf coalition and Kohl's plans for changes in the German constitution in order to enable the Federal Republic's participation in future out-of-area missions. In addition, they talk about the domestic situation in the Soviet Union.
April 2, 1993	PPNN Workshop, Zimbabwe, April 2-4, 1993: South Africa's Nuclear Deterrent Programme and Non-Proliferation Policy: Additional Information Presented at the Workshop Summarizes PPNN Workshop, Zimbabwe and South Africa's nuclear deterrent program