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Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

"The Bundeshaus (Federal Building) in Bonn, West Germany, May 1961. "

Western Europe

West Germany

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Chernyaev, A. S.

-

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924 - 2018

German Reunification

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Berlin Wall between Mitte and Kreuzberg

Berlin Wall

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Walesa, Lech

1943 -

Nicolae Ceausescu, 1974

Ceaușescu, Nicolae

1918 - 1989

China, 1989

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Civic Forum (Czechoslovakia)

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North Atlantic Council Meeting, Lisbon, June 1985

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series

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November 20, 1989	Cable from US Embassy in Prague on Czech Demonstrations Cable from the US embassy in Prague reporting that demonstrations continued over the weekend in Prague.
November 20, 1989	Cable from US Embassy in Prague on Czech Demonstrations Cable from the US embassy in Prague reporting on contradictions in the Czechoslovak press coverage of the demonstrations' aftermath.
November 20, 1989	Cable from US Embassy in Prague on Czech Demonstrations Cable from the US embassy in Prague reporting on the establishment of a new organization for Czech independents, the "Civic Forum," and the publication of a list of demands.
November 18, 1989	Cable from US Embassy in Prague on Czech Demonstrations The US embassy in Prague reports on the brutal suppression of the Czech students' demonstration.
November 20, 1989	Cable from US Embassy in Prague on Czech Demonstrations Cable from the US embassy in Prague reports on an American woman's account of the November 17 demonstrations and the death of a Czech student.
November 9, 1989	Conversation between Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Solidarity Leader Lech Walesa In this extraordinary conversation, Solidarity’s leader fears the collapse of the Wall would distract West Germany’s attention - and money - to the GDR, at the time when Poland, the trail-blazer to the post-communist era in Eastern Europe, desperately needed both. "Events are moving too fast," Walesa said, and only hours later, the Wall fell, and Kohl had to cut his Poland visit short to scramble back to Berlin, thus proving Walesa’s fear correct.
September 22, 1989	Presidential National Security Directive 23, "Untied States Relations with the Soviet Union" Presidential directive from George Bush regarding the changing nature of relations between the Soviet Union and the United States and the end of US containment policy.
July 25, 1989	Report of the President of Hungary Rezso Nyers and General Secretary Karoly Grosz on Talks with Gorbachev in Moscow (excerpts) President of People’s Republic of Hungary, Rezso Nyers, and General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, Karoly Grosz, report on their talks with Gorbachev in Moscow, 24-25 July, 1989. The excerpts contains economic reformer Nyers’ assessment of the political situation in Hungary, and first among the factors that "can defeat the party," he lists "the past, if we let ourselves [be] smeared with it." The memory of the revolution of 1956 and its bloody repression by the Soviets was Banquo’s ghost, destroying the legitimacy of the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, just as 1968 in Prague and 1981’s martial law in Poland and all the other Communist "blank spots" of history came back in 1989 to crumble Communist ideology. For their part, the Communist reformers (including Gorbachev) did not quite know how to respond as events accelerated in 1989, except not to repeat 1956.
October 3, 1990	Memorandum of Telephone Conversation: Telephone Call to Chancellor Helmut Kohl of Germany, October 3, 1990, 9:56-9:59 a.m. Telephone conversation between President George H. W. Bush and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl on the situation in Germany.
February 13, 1990	Memorandum of Telephone Conversation: Telephone Call from Chancellor Helmut Kohl of the Federal Republic of Germany, February 13, 1990, 1:49-2:00 p.m. EST Telephone conversation between President George H. W. Bush and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl on the situation in Germany.