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Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

"The Bundeshaus (Federal Building) in Bonn, West Germany, May 1961. "

Western Europe

West Germany

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Chernyaev, A. S.

-

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924 - 2018

German Reunification

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Berlin Wall between Mitte and Kreuzberg

Berlin Wall

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Walesa, Lech

1943 -

Nicolae Ceausescu, 1974

Ceaușescu, Nicolae

1918 - 1989

China, 1989

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Civic Forum (Czechoslovakia)

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North Atlantic Council Meeting, Lisbon, June 1985

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series

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November 10, 1989	Memorandum of Telephone Conversation: Conversation with Helmut Kohl, Chancellor – Federal Republic of Germany, November 10, 1989, 3:29-3:47PM Telephone conversation between President George H. W. Bush and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl on the situation in Germany.
October 23, 1989	Memorandum of Telephone Conversation: Telephone Call from Chancellor Helmut Kohl of the Federal Republic of Germany, October 23, 1989, 9:02-9:26 a.m. EDT Telephone conversation between President George H. W. Bush and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl on the situation in Eastern Europe.
June 13, 1989	Excerpts from the Opening Full Session of the Hungarian National Roundtable Negotiations Transcribed from previously unpublished video recordings, these discussions point to the unwritten "rules" of mutual civility that arose in the nonviolent dissident movements and found an echo among the Communist reformers during the negotiated revolutions of 1989. For example, Dr. Istvan Kukorelli from the Patriotic People’s Front proposes to "refrain from questioning the legitimacy of each other, since the legitimacy of all of us is debatable. It is a question which belongs to the future - who will be given credit by history and who will be forgotten."
June 5, 1989	Transcript of the Central Committee Secretariat Meeting of the Polish United Workers Party (PZPR) On the day after Solidarity had swept Poland’s first open elections, ultimately winning 99 of 100 Senate seats, the Polish Communists vent their shock and dismay ("a bitter lesson," "the party are not connected with the masses," "We trusted the Church and they turned out to be Jesuits" were typical comments). Comrade Kwasniewski (who was later elected President of Poland) remarks that "It’s well known that also party members were crossing out our candidates" (only two out of 35 Party candidates survived the epidemic of X’s). But they see no choice but to negotiate a coalition government, and specifically "[w]arn against attempts at destabilization, pointing at the situation in China" -- since the Tiananmen massacre occurred the same day as the Polish elections, the road not taken.
May 9, 1989	Report on a Working Visit of Wojciech Jaruzelski to Moscow Report on First Secretary of the Polish People's Republic Wojciech Jaruzelski's 1989 visit to Moscow to meet with Gorbachev and discuss the transformations occurring in the Soviet Union.
March 24, 1989	Conversation between M.S. Gorbachev and Karoly Grosz, General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, March 23-24, 1989 These conversations reveal Gorbachev’s contradictions, as the Soviet leader proclaims again that the Brezhnev doctrine is dead and military interventions should be "precluded in the future, yet at the same time, tries to set "boundaries" for the changes in Eastern Europe as "the safekeeping of socialism and assurance of stability."
December 7, 1988	Address by Mikhail Gorbachev at the UN General Assembly Session (Excerpts) Excerpts from an address by Gorbachev at the 43rd United Nations General Assembly Session. Gorbachev announced major cuts to the Soviet military presence in Eastern Europe and along the Chinese border.
November 9, 1989	Information Note from the Romanian Embassy in Berlin to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Information Note from the Romanian Embassy in Berlin to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs regarding changes in the structure of the SED and demands by the population for wider changes in the political system
October 18, 1986	Memorandum of Conversation of Polish Officials Concerning a Proposed Consultative Council Memorandum of conversation regarding the proposed Consultative Council and its goal to increase trust and develop recommendations and the inclusion of non-party people and members of the Catholic church
August 28, 1987	[Polish Government] Report, 'A Synthesis of the Domestic Situation and the West’s Activity,' Warsaw [Polish Government] Report, “A Synthesis of the Domestic Situation and the West’s Activity,” regarding the economic crisis, liberalization measures, growing discontent, American support of Solidarity and opinions from the West on the situation in Poland