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Nuclear Proliferation

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North America

United States

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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South Asia

Pakistan

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

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Western Europe

France

Indian Nuclear History

Pakistani Nuclear History

"The Bundeshaus (Federal Building) in Bonn, West Germany, May 1961. "

Western Europe

West Germany

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United States. Department of State. Bureau of Intelligence and Research

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Hughes, Thomas Lowe

1925 -

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United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Hungary. Embassy (India)

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United States. Department of State

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Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Soviet Nuclear History

South African Nuclear History

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Lord, Winston

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May 20, 1987	Letter, Fritz Streletz to Comrade Erich Honecker [about the Military Doctrine of the Member States of the Warsaw Treaty] The report examines the implications of the changes in the Warsaw Pact's new military doctrine adopted in May 1987 and its emphasis on the future defensive character of the alliance. The new doctrine stresses that the Warsaw Pact will never initiate military actions against another country unless it is attacked first, the Warsaw Pact will never employ nuclear weapons first, and the Warsaw Pact has no territorial claims against any other country in or outside of Europe.
February 21, 1962	Radio Liberty Policy Position Statement: U.S. Resumption of Atmospheric Nuclear Tests Radio Liberty outlines its perspective on U.S. nuclear testing, specifying that its goal is to provide credible information, convince listeners and that the resumption of nuclear testing is for self defense.
November 10, 1966	Directive to the Soviet Representative at the United Nations The Soviet position was to not concur with the proposal to not use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapons states without consideration of whether they had nuclear weapons (presumably belonging to a nuclear weapon state) on their territory.
April 26, 1966	Directive, CPSU CC Politburo to Cde. Roshchin, Soviet Representative in Geneva Soviets contact the ambassador in Geneva about possible discussions with the Swedes and the Polish about the "detection club".
April 26, 1966	Extract from Decisions of the Politburo of the CPSU CC of 23 April-4 May 1966, 'Point 21. On Steps in connection with the Proposal to Create a "Detection Club" with the Goals of Solving the Problem of Banning Underground Tests of Nuclear Weapons' USSR sending regards to the Polish ambassador about Poland joining the international "detection club" for underground nuclear tests.
December 8, 1959	Copy of a Note from N. S. Khrushchev to the CPSU CC Presidium about a Further Reduction of the USSR Armed Forces Nikita Khrushchev outlines a proposal to the CPSU CC Presidium for a significant reduction in the USSR's armed forces by 1 to 1.5 million personnel, even without reciprocal actions from other countries. He argues that the Soviet Union's advancements in missile technology and nuclear capabilities ensure its defense without the need for a large standing army, thereby enhancing economic efficiency and bolstering international prestige. Khrushchev emphasizes that such unilateral disarmament would reduce Cold War tensions, undermine militaristic factions globally, and improve the Soviet Union’s image as a proponent of peace. He suggests transitioning to a mixed system of professional and territorial (militia) forces to maintain readiness while lowering costs. The proposal aims to strengthen both domestic and international support for the USSR while showcasing the superiority of the socialist system. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
July 19, 1994	Council of the European Union, 'Joint Action Regarding Preparation for the 1995 Conference of the States Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons' The EU Working Group on Non-Proliferation developed the first draft what later became the Council Decision 94/509/CFSP. The draft identified three decisions: to convince states outside the Treaty to join it; to encourage participation in the remaining Preparatory Committee meetings;and to build consensus for indefinite extension. The proposal was a so-called “A” Item, meaning that the Foreign Ministers would not even discuss it; they only were to approve it.
July 7, 1994	Minutes of the Meeting of the Working Group on Non-Proliferation of the European Union In a meeting, the Working Group started to develop the wording of the Council Decision on the NPT Review and Extension Conference in 1995
June 7, 1994	Note, Greek Presidency of the Council on Working Group on Non-Proliferation of the European Union In 1994, the European Union decided for the first time to play a role in the NPT Review Conference, with a view towards the NPT Review and Extension Conference in 1995. This note stipulated that the EU should demonstrate consensus in support of extending the NPT and persuading non-members to join the treaty.
May 26, 1986	Letter from President Reagan to Prime Minister Bettino Craxi Unofficial translation of correspondence between PM Craxi and President Reagan regarding strategic arms limitations and deterrence. Reagan outlines the planned US measures given lack of effort and willingness by the USSR to arrive to a binding agreement.