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Chinese Nuclear History

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Sino-Soviet Relations

Chinese Nuclear Testing

Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950-1959

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

China-Southeast Asia Relations

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

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Southeast Asia

Indonesia

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

Japan's Itsukushima Shrine

East Asia

Japan

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893 - 1976

Photograph fo Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Beijing

China. Foreign Ministry

1949 -

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894 - 1971

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China. Embassy (Indonesia)

-

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China. Embassy (Soviet Union)

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November 17, 1964	Echo of Recent International Events in Cuba This document provides an in-depth analysis of Cuba's reactions to various international developments during late 1964. Cuban leaders were pleased with the radical anti-imperialist tone and diplomatic successes of the Cairo Conference of Non-Aligned Countries. Fidel Castro welcomed French President de Gaulle's anti-American stance during his Latin America trip, linking it to tensions in pro-American governments. The British Labour Party's election victory was viewed positively, fostering hopes for policies aligned with Cuba's interests. Domestically, Nikita Khrushchev's ousting in the USSR created distrust and concerns about the continuity of Soviet support. Lastly, Cuba cautiously celebrated China's first nuclear test, seeing it as a potential shift in global power dynamics favoring socialism. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
August 13, 1991	Cable No. 3008 from Ambassador Hashimoto Hiroshi (China) to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'The Prime Minister’s Visit to China (Meeting With General Secretary Jiang Zemin) (2 of 2)' Kaifu and Jiang discuss Sino-Japanese relations, arms transfers, and China's accession to the NPT.
August 12, 1991	Cable No. 3000 from Ambassador Hashimoto Hiroshi (China) to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'The Prime Minister’s Visit to China and Mongolia (Meeting of the Japanese and Chinese Foreign Ministers)' Nakayama Taro and Qian Qichen discuss Taiwan's participation in APEC, arms control, China's accession to the NPT, Sino-Japanese political and economic relations, and Chinese fishing vessels operating in Japan's territorial waters.
August 11, 1991	Japan-China Summit Meeting (Outline) (Confidential) Li Peng and Kaifu Toshiki discuss Sino-Japanese relations, a possible visit to China by the Emperor of Japan, Taiwan, North Korea, arms control, Cambodia, Mongolia, Hong Kong, and the environment.
August 10, 1991	Japan-China Summit Meeting (Arms Control and Disarmament) Li Peng and Kaifu Toshiki discuss China's accession to the NPT, the sale of conventional arms, and North Korea's proposal for the Korean Peninsula to be declared a nuclear-free zone.
November 18, 1967	Asian Affairs Bureau [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan], 'The Chinese Communist Problem' Ahead of a visit by Chiang Ching-kuo to Japan, the Japanese Foreign Ministry reviews the political situation on Mainland China.
April 1984	Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, 'Briefing Material for the President's Trip to China' Includes memoranda on "China's Independent Foreign Policy in Perspective," "The Foreign Policy Positions of China's Senior Leaders," "Deng-Zhao with Brzezinski--An Assessment," "Sino-Soviet Relations," "China and a Korean Dialogue," "Sino-Soviet Trade and Economic Relations," "China and Japan: Building for the Long Haul," "China's Taiwan Policy," "China-Southeast Asia," "China: Leadership and Succession," "China: Economic Reforms," "US-China Economic Relations," "China: Expanding Market for US Energy Firms," "China: Nuclear Power Prospects," and "China: Changes in Military Industrial Development Policy-Implications for the United States."
December 20, 1963	Transcript of Conversation between Zhou Enlai and Reporters in Cairo Premier Zhou and Chen Yi answer questions from reporters in Cairo. Zhou and Chen were asked about issues such as their visit to Arab and African countries, China's support for national liberation movements in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the United Arab Republic (Egypt) and Sri Lanka's perspective of the Sino-Indian border conflict, the purpose of the Chinese delegation's visit to Arab and African countries, issues that will be discussed in potential second Bandung Conference, the Sino-Soviet split, and the Pakistani national movement. Zhou also explains why China opposed the ban on nuclear test treaty.
August 11, 1963	Transcript of Conversation between Zhou Enlai and José Ancizar Lopez Zhou Enlai speaks with head of the Colombian House of Representatives delegation to China, José Ancizar Lopez, about an initiative to establish a nuclear weapons free zone in Latin America. Lopez agrees that nuclear weapons should not be used, but nuclear energy for medicine and other peaceful uses is good. Zhou calls on Latin America and Africa to take the initiative on preventing the use of nuclear weapons.
June 1958	[Mao Zedong's] Directive Regarding the Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs Mao calls for China to develop nuclear weapons within ten years.