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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Sino-Soviet Relations

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893 - 1976

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

North Korea-China friendship celebrated at the DPRK mass games

China-North Korea Relations

The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2012.

Southeast Asia

Vietnam

Presidential Office Building of Taiwan

East Asia

Taiwan

Zhao Ziyang on a tour of East Germany in June 1987.

China-Eastern Europe Relations

Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950-1959

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879 - 1953

Emblem of the People's Republic of China

China. State Council

1954 -

Placeholder image for when a portrait image is not available

Puzanov, A. M.

-

Kim Il Sung, 1978

Kim, Il Sung

1912 - 1994

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Documents

November 18, 1958	Despatch No. 225 from American Embassy Taipei to the Department of State, 'KMT Doctrinal Adjustment to Modification of GRC Position on "Counterattack"' The document addresses the Kuomintang's (KMT) ideological adjustments regarding its longstanding policy of counterattacking mainland China. It highlights a shift in rhetoric, de-emphasizing immediate military action in favor of political strategies and the notion of revolutionary war led by popular support within the mainland. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 13, 1952	Despatch No. 234 from American Embassy Taipei to the Department of State, 'Report on Foreign Relations at the Seventh National Congress of the Kuomintang' The document provides a comprehensive overview of the Chinese Nationalist Government's foreign policy, emphasizing its alignment with anti-communist efforts globally. It discusses Sino-American cooperation, including military and economic aid, the establishment of diplomatic ties in Southeast Asia, and the challenges of maintaining consular services in regions recognizing the Chinese Communist regime. The document underscores the importance of China's role in the United Nations and its relations with countries like Japan, aiming to strengthen global alliances against communism. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
March 28, 1960	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1960, No. 10 (Overall Issue No. 204) Highlights a joint statement and an economic aid agreement between China and Nepal, along with discussions on the Chinese and Indian premiers' forthcoming meeting. It also addresses the Indonesian government's efforts to resolve the status of overseas Chinese and the challenges encountered by repatriated Chinese nationals. Updates on U.S.-China diplomatic engagements include China's firm stance on judicial sovereignty over espionage-related cases involving American individuals, and adjustments in China's oil industry management policies. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
March 11, 1960	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1960, No. 8 (Overall Issue No. 202) Covers Premier Zhou Enlai’s message of sympathy to Morocco following an earthquake, regulations on motor vehicle management, and directives to support drought relief through agricultural machinery supplies. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
January 25, 1960	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1960, No. 3 (Overall Issue No. 197) Reports on the economic achievements of 1959, support for Soviet proposals on disarmament, a visit to China by an East German delegation, and the establishment of a new agency for foreign economic cooperation, reflecting China's focus on economic and international collaboration. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
December 6, 1958	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1958, No. 34 (Overall Issue No. 161) This issue includes statements condemning amendments to the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty and emphasizing China's solidarity with Japan's peace movements. On a diplomatic front, it records China's establishment of formal relations with Sudan, highlighting reciprocal communications between Mao Zedong and Sudanese leaders. Domestically, it details economic reforms such as adjusting trade and agricultural policies, changes in administrative divisions, and the integration of scientific committees.
November 7, 1958	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1958, No. 32 (Overall Issue No. 159) This issue announces China's formal establishment of diplomatic relations with Morocco and strongly condemns Thai authorities for persecuting Chinese immigrants, including arresting individuals and shutting down Chinese institutions under unfounded accusations of communist activities. It includes a proclamation by the Ministry of Defense addressing cross-strait relations with Taiwan, emphasizing peaceful negotiation while condemning US interference. The issue also highlights a report on the agricultural harvest and logistical efforts to transport produce efficiently, reflecting China's economic priorities in rural areas.
October 25, 1958	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1958, No. 31 (Overall Issue No. 158) This issue announces China's recognition of Guinea's independence, marking a significant step in diplomatic relations and support for decolonization movements. It also outlines policies and achievements in autumn agricultural productivity, emphasizing technological improvements, increased yields, and proactive measures to counter natural disasters. The document denounces US interference in the Taiwan Strait, focusing on American military involvement and its perceived threats to China's sovereignty. Additionally, it addresses various administrative adjustments, including updates to customs regulations for cross-border travelers.
September 27, 1958	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1958, No. 27 (Overall Issue No. 154) This issue features China's formal declaration of its territorial sea policy, emphasizing sovereignty over the Taiwan Strait and surrounding islands, congratulatory messages to Algeria on the establishment of its provisional government, and a directive on reforms to align the education system with socialist objectives.
August 4, 1958	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1958, No. 25 (Overall Issue No. 152) This issue highlights a joint communique between Mao Zedong and Nikita Khrushchev, affirming Sino-Soviet solidarity on key international issues, and a declaration with Cambodia on establishing diplomatic ties and promoting cultural exchange. It also includes policies for developing local resources while safeguarding traditional Chinese medicine supplies, and details about land-use adjustments for construction projects in Hunan province.

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Mao, Zedong 133

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Soviet Union 462

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United States 214

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Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984 136

China-Europe Relations 125

China-North Korea Relations 110

China-Eastern Europe Relations 97