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Western Europe

Germany

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

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Kaestner, Uwe

1939 -

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Western Europe

France

François Mitterrand in 1983

Mitterrand, François

1916 - 1996

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Hartmann, Peter

1935 -

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924 - 2018

Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein

Hussein, Saddam

1937 - 2006

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Eastern Europe

Bulgaria

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Gulf War, 1990-1991

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

Mass Media and Censorship

Reform and Opening in China, 1978-

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April 30, 1991	The Chancellor’s [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with the President of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev, Tuesday, 30 April, 12.10 - 12.30 Hours Kohl and Gorbachev discuss the ratification of the comprehensive German-Soviet Treaty as well as the situation in the Soviet Union.
November 20, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with the President of the CSFR, Vaclav Havel, Paris, 20 November 1990, 3:40 pm to 4:45 pm Kohl and Havel discuss the conclusion of a comprehensive bilateral treaty, trade issues, European integration as well as questions related to the German minority in the CSSR.
November 13, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Soviet President M.S. Gorbachev on 9 November 1990, 3:15 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. at the Federal Chancellery Kohl and Gorbachev review the state of bilateral relations, the Gulf crisis and the situation in the Soviet Union, especially with regards to Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost and the Soviet Union's economic reforms. They discuss Western economic assistance and food supplies for the Soviet Union as well.
November 9, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with Polish Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki Frankfurt/Oder, 8 November 1990, 11.15 - 15.15 hours Kohl and Mazowieki engage in a comprehensive review on the state of bilateral relations. They discuss trade, culture, infrastructure projects, questions related to the German minority in Poland as well as European security and defense, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the GDR and Polish purchases of military equipment from former East German stocks.
October 11, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with the Foreign Minister of Saudi Arabia, Prince Saud Al Faisal, on 11 October 1990, 14.00-15.00 hours Kohl and Faisal discuss the situation in the Gulf, Germany's foreign policy and its financial assistance as well as Saddam Hussein's position in the Arab world.
November 14, 2016	Oral History Interview with Uta Zapf Chairperson of the subcommittee for "Disarmament, Arms Control, and Nonproliferation" of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the German Bundestag.
February 21, 1990	Assessment by the Austrian Foreign Ministry, 'Question of German Unity (State of affairs, February 1990)' The assessment by the Austrian Foreign Ministry of German Unity is broken into five subject areas. The first part concerns the responsibility of the Four Powers to a new unified Germany. Next, West Germany's commitment to German unity dating as far back as 1970. The third portion outlines the border and security concerns of East and West Germany, as well as the Soviet Union, United States, Great Britain, and France. The next part is focused on economic recovery, specifically the lack of certain goods in East Germany (ie cars and houses). Finally, the report addresses the future developments of a unified Germany with an emphasis on the security of nearby states.
November 24, 1989	Information by the East German Office of National Security on the Austrian Assessment of the Situation in the GDR and the Development of Austrian–East German Relations, Berlin (East) The document recounts the discussion between party officials from Austria's People's Party and Socialist Party in regards to changing developments in East and West Germany. Based on historical, political, and economic precedent, the overwhelming sentiment is against reunification. However, due to the rapidness of political events in the GDR the Socialist Party had yet to decide how to react. The parties then outline a plan to establish connections from both East and West German leadership as well as resistance movements in Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia.
September 25, 1986	Memorandum to Central Committee from Politburo Members Ligachev and Chebrikov on Jamming of Western Radio Stations This memorandum from Politburo members Chebrikov and Ligachev describes in general terms the jamming situation in 1986 and the rationale for ending jamming on VOA, BBC, Radio Beijing and Radio Korea, while continuing jamming of Radio Liberty, Radio Free Europe, Deutsche Welle and Kol Israel.
1979	Bulgarian Interior Ministry Note on Actions against Western Radio A Bulgarian Interior Ministry paper details coordinated actions against Western radio in the aftermath of the May 1977 Budapest meeting of Bloc security services. The paper identifies RFE, and notably several of its broadcasters who recently defected from Bulgaria, as a major threat. It accuses Western media of sensationalizing the murder of Georgi Markov (who was killed by the Zhivkov regime).