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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Satellite image of Western Europe

Western Europe

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Western Europe

France

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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Western Europe

Germany

Euratom

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

-

Group photo from the Arms Control and Regional Security Working Group Operational Basket Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, April 4-6, 1995.

ACRS Oral History Project

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

1989 -

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

North Atlantic Council Meeting, Lisbon, June 1985

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series

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Hartmann, Peter

1935 -

Boris Yeltsin at the United Nations, October 1995

Yeltsin, Boris

1931 - 2007

Michal Onderco

Onderco, Michal

-

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March 24, 1958	Letter from Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs C. Burke Elbrick, 'Draft NSC Paper Concerning Baltic States' Policy paper explaining the current status of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania and the US policy of non-recognition of their incorporation into the Soviet Union.
1954	Department of State, Memorandum, 'The Attitude of the United States and Other Governments Toward the Forced Incorporation of the Baltic Republics into the Soviet Union' State Department memorandum summarizing policy toward Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia following the Soviet incorporation of the Baltic States.
November 5, 1965	Department of State, Memorandum, 'Current United States Policy Toward Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia' Explanation of US policy of non-recognition of Soviet control of the Baltic states.
December 7, 1954	Department of State, Memorandum, 'Problems of Compatibility of Collective Security Negotiations with the USSR and Present US Policy Towards the Baltic States' History of US relations with the Baltic states and the current policy of non-recognition of Soviet control.
May 10, 1966	Department of State, Memorandum, 'Termination of Baltic State Representation Supported from Blocked Baltic Assets Held in the United States' Policy recommendation to phase-out US financial support of Baltic embassies.
1966	Department of State, Background Memorandum, 'The Baltic Question and US-USSR Exchanges' Summary of past negotiations with the Soviet Union for cultural exchanges which include the Baltic States. The State Department wants to avoid the Soviets using these exchanges to erode the US policy of not recognizing Soviet control of the Baltics.
February 27, 1986	Brussels to Department of External Affairs (Canada), 'Zero Option and the Europeans' Canadian officials warned of disagreement to come between the Europeans and the Americans over the “zero option,” the longstanding proposal to reduce both US and Soviet INF to zero. This dispatch from Brussels reported “substantial unhappiness” amongst the Europeans that the United States and the Soviet Union would discuss disarmament “even if neither of them believed in it.” Nuclear deterrence had prevented war in Europe for the preceding four decades, and US-Soviet discussions of disarmament only made it even more difficult to convince public opinion of deterrence’s continued importance
December 23, 1965	Telegram from John F. Root, Office of Northern African Affairs, 'Subject: Bulgarian Fronting For Russian Interests in Ethiopia' Observations by Israeli and US diplomats of the Soviet Union's attempt at indirect economic penetration of Ethiopia during the mid-1960s. The Ethiopian regime was suspicious of Soviet intervention, thus they had to resort to the help of the East European states, in this case Bulgaria.
December 4, 1973	Memorandum of Conversation between Nicolae Ceausescu and President Nixon Ceasescu, Nixon and Kissinger discuss issues ranging from European security to the situation in the Middle East.
February 17, 1952	Report by Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart on his visit to Radio Free Europe, Munich Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart - head of the World War II Political Warfare Executive who later had a highly popular BBC weekly program in Czech - visited RFE with BBC Central European chief Gregory Macdonald between January 29 and February 1, 1952. Reviewing personalities, attitudes, and operations in Munich, Lockhart concluded that RFE had made progress in its first year, that its broadcasters were happy to be separated geographically from émigré politicians in the US, but that RFE faced the challenge of keeping the spark of hope alive in Eastern Europe without instigating revolt. It also faced the challenge of emerging German sovereignty, which Lockhart thought would force RFE to relocate to another country. Accompanying Foreign Office memoranda generally endorsed Lockhart conclusions. Information Research Department official F.C. Stacey cautioned that “the need for sensational stories of RFE activities” for the domestic US audience might result in irresponsible RFE broadcasts.

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Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich 31

United States. Central Intelligence Agency 20

James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) 19

Hartmann, Peter 16

Yeltsin, Boris 14

Soviet Union 153

United States 119

Western Europe 71

Helmut Kohl Transcripts 32

ACRS Oral History Project 20

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe 19

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 19