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Anti-Nuclear Peace Movements

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Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND)

1957 -

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Italy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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Michal Onderco

Onderco, Michal

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

1989 -

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International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)

2007 -

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Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald)

1917 - 1963

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April 9, 1968	Excerpts from Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev’s speech at the April 1968 Plenum of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party Brezhnev discusses negotiations with the United States over the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
April 12, 2017	Oral History Interview with Nabil Fahmy The interview with Nabil Fahmy provides an in-depth view of Egypt’s position and strategies during the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference. Fahmy emphasizes Egypt's focus on addressing regional asymmetries, particularly Israel's nuclear ambiguity, while advocating for global disarmament and non-proliferation. He reflects on Egypt's frustrations with unfulfilled promises from the U.S. and Israel, including failed bilateral and multilateral talks like ACRS, which underpinned Egypt’s skepticism toward the indefinite extension of the NPT. Despite knowing that indefinite extension was inevitable, Egypt used the Middle East resolution as leverage, securing its inclusion as part of the final package. Fahmy underscores Egypt's practical yet principled stance, acknowledging the challenges of disarmament and the limits of what could realistically be achieved given the prevailing geopolitical dynamics. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 5, 1969	Memorandum of Conversation between Secretary of State William P. Rogers and Ambassador Helmut Roth, 'US-FRG Consultations on NPT,' with memorandum attached During these consultations on the NPT, the chief West German official, Helmut Roth, Chief of the Foreign Office’s Disarmament Section, reviewed the progress of the talks with Secretary of State Rogers. Roth emphasized the importance of the “reaffirmation” of US security commitments “at a time when [the Federal Republic] was signing a renunciation of nuclear weapons for its own defense.”
January 17, 1967	Memorandum of Conversation between General Counsel of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency George Bunn and Soviet Counselor Yuli M. Vorontsov, 'Non-Proliferation Treaty and Other Arms Control Matters' Information about the recent U.S.-West German discussions had leaked to the press and in this conversation, Vorontsov “wanted to know what we had told the Germans with respect to participation in a European nuclear force.” Bunn told him that the “Germans were concerned that nothing in the treaty stand in the way of steps which might ultimately produce a United States of Europe.”
September 23, 1966	Adrian Fisher, Acting Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, to Hays Redmon, Staff Assistant to the President, enclosing 'Summary of Recent Soviet "Signals" on Non-Proliferation' In this report, ACDA Deputy Director Adrian Fisher summarizes Moscow's growing interest in reaching a final agreement on an NPT, in part because of its recognition of “pressures growing in third countries for development of nuclear capabilities.”
July 1, 1966	Memorandum of Conversation between William C. Foster, director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Karl Carstens, State Secretary at the West German Foreign Office, 'Disarmament and Related Problems' In this conversation, West German State Secretary Karl Carstens told ACDA director William C. Foster that Bonn was still committed to a “hardware” solution, “if not in the form of an MLF than in some form.” Refraining from making any commitment, Foster wanted to leave the question “open.”
May 30, 1963	Memorandum of Conversation between Georgi M. Kornienko, Chargé d'Affaires of the Soviet Embassy, and Ronald I. Spiers, 'MLF, Disarmament' In this conversation, Soviet diplomat Georgi Kornienko and State Department official Ronald Spiers discussed the Soviet objections to MLF. Kornienko argued that it would expose West Germany to “the nuclear disease” on the "road to disaster", but Spiers maintained that it would forestall the Germans from pursuing new nuclear programs.
April 4, 2018	Oral History Interview with Jean duPreez Member of South Africa’s delegation to the 1995 NPT review conference.
October 12, 2016	Oral History Interview with Tadeusz Strulak Polish ambassador and chairman of the Drafting Committee at the 1995 NPT review conference.
July 4, 2017	Email Exchange between Harald Müller and Michal Onderco Email exchange following up on oral history interview regarding the 1995 NPT review conference.

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Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) 36

Italy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 27

Onderco, Michal 23

James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) 18

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) 16

Soviet Union 155

United States 147

Great Britain 68

Indian Nuclear History 64

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 61

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series 43

Civil Society and Nuclear Risk Reduction 41

Anti-Nuclear Peace Movements 40