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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Western Europe

France

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

Gyeongbokgung

East Asia

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East Asia

China

French Nuclear History

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National Security Council (U.S.)

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United States. Executive Office of the President

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Group photo from the Arms Control and Regional Security Working Group Operational Basket Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, April 4-6, 1995.

ACRS Oral History Project

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Sonnenfeldt, Helmut

1926 -

Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Photograph from the 1995 NPT Review Conference

The 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference

Photograph of 38th parallel crossing during Korean War

Korean War, 1950-1953

A photo of Henry Kissinger from 1975

Kissinger, Henry

1923 -

Soviet Nuclear History

Michal Onderco

Onderco, Michal

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

1989 -

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February 18, 1970	Memorandum from Helmut Sonnenfeldt to Henry A. Kissinger, 'French-US Military Relations' Kissinger briefs the president before his visit with Pompidou stating why the French may want a military alliance, as well as the problems associated with such an alliance due to the French attitude regarding NATO and nuclear forces. He then states the reasons why the U.S. should encourage French entry into the NPG and issues concerning joint targeting with the French. He further discusses issues of French/U.S. and French/British alliances that would be of possible interest of discussion when Pompidou visits the U.S. soon.
February 24, 1970	Memorandum of Conversation, Nixon and Pompidou Minutes of a conversation between President Nixon and President Pompidou during the latter's visit to the United States. Nixon states that he wants there to be good relations between the U.S. and France because, despite differences in approach, both countries share the same goals. The two countries were allies and should find common grounds for cooperation even though France wanted to maintain its independence from NATO. Pompidou points out differences with the U.S. in terms of military and nuclear capabilities, and Nixon recognizes the highly secretive nature of such talks which might lead to a better military cooperation between both countries. Next, they discussed how the Soviet Union presented problems for both countries, and that the Soviets must not be allowed to gain an advantage because of any agreements between France and the U.S. It concludes with an overview of the state of affairs with China, the U.S., and an independent France in a world that is progressing forward at a rapid pace since the end of the last war.
February 28, 1970	Memorandum from Helmut Sonnenfeldt to Henry A. Kissinger, 'Military Cooperation with the French' Sonnenfeldt writes to Kissinger concerning military issues that arouse from the talks between Nixon and Pompidou during the latter’s visit to the U.S. He proposes actions for approval concerning Laird on French requests for assistance and the U.S.-French R&D Steering Group, a rescission of NSAM-294, Goodpaster and naval force cooperation, and a back channel to Wilson. Sonnenfeldt seeks Kissinger’s approval on these points before they are to be sent to Nixon.
March 10, 1970	Memorandum from Henry A. Kissinger to President Nixon, 'Follow-up Actions on Military Cooperation with the French' Kissinger seeks Nixon’s approval on certain points regarding military cooperation with France. He seeks and receives approval to convey a message to Goodpaster to increase theatrical and naval cooperation with France; to rescind the U.S.-French R&D Steering Committee dealing with military technology; to deal with specific French requests for military assistance via Laird; and to convey a message to Prime Minister Wilson about U.S.-French military cooperation. The end of the document is the memorandum itself to Goodpaster from Kissinger on the points approved by Nixon to be sent to him.
March 16, 1970	Memorandum from Henry A. Kissinger to the Secretary of Defense, 'French Requests for Assistance in Connection with their Missile Program' Memorandum from Kissinger to Laird instructing the latter to draft a memorandum for the President outlining French requests for aid, keeping in mind the President’s desire to improve relations with France.
April 16, 1970	Memorandum from Helmut Sonnenfeldt to Henry A. Kissinger, 'Assistance to the French Ballistic Missile Program' Sonnenfeldt summarizes a memorandum from Secretary of Defense Laird. He lists the specific information requests the French have made, and expresses concerns about their requests for star-tracker navigation equipment and US contractor support. He recommends an exploratory meeting between John Foster and Jean Blancard, the French Ministerial Delegate for Armaments.
January 29, 1968	Memorandum of Conversation with the Ambassador of the People’s Republic of Hungary, Comrade Kadasch Ho Seok-tae informs Comrade Kadasch that he is going to send a delegation to the United Nations Security Council to explain the USS Pueblo incident and that he has asked the Hungarians to defend the DPRK at the UN.
January 9, 1971	Memorandum from Helmut Sonnenfeldt to Henry A. Kissinger, 'Interim Report on NSSM 100: US–French Military Relations' Sonnenfeldt describes and criticizes National Security Study Memorandum (NSSM) 100, an issue paper on potential US military aid to France's ballistic missile program. He states that the current version of the study "does not adequately explore" the broader policy implications of such aid, especially in regards to "the direction we wish to take in Europe in the 1970s."
October 31, 1980	Session of the CPSU CC Politburo, 'On the Results of a Visit to the USSR by the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party, Cde. S. Kania, and the Chairman of the PPR Council of Ministers, Cde. J. Pinkowski' A visit from Polish leadership reveals the extent of the crisis. Brezhnev believes that the Polish leadership is capable of maintaining control and quelling the counter-revolution, but that Poland is in dire need of economic assistance from the USSR.

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National Security Council (U.S.) 27

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Sonnenfeldt, Helmut 16

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) 9

United States 128

Soviet Union 53

French Nuclear History 32

ACRS Oral History Project 23

Cuban Missile Crisis 13

The 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference 13

Korean War, 1950-1953 12