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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Satellite image of Western Europe

Western Europe

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Western Europe

France

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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Western Europe

Germany

Euratom

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Group photo from the Arms Control and Regional Security Working Group Operational Basket Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, April 4-6, 1995.

ACRS Oral History Project

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

1989 -

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

North Atlantic Council Meeting, Lisbon, June 1985

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series

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Hartmann, Peter

1935 -

Boris Yeltsin at the United Nations, October 1995

Yeltsin, Boris

1931 - 2007

Michal Onderco

Onderco, Michal

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October 10, 1969	Telegram Number 1930-33, 'China and the European Socialist Countries' Etienne Manac’h reports that although China may soon re-appoint ambassadors to Eastern Europe, officials from Poland and Czechoslovakia are skeptical of China's policies toward their countries.
December 4, 1989	Minutes of Conversation between Gorbachev and Romanian Leader Ceausescu Minutes of Conversation between Soviet leader Michael Gorbachev and Romanian leader Nicolae Ceausescu on the status of the East European regimes and Soviet-Romanian bilateral relations. The two leaders discuss the history of Communism, the events taking place in other East European countries, the future of Romania and the Soviet Union and the nature and state of bilateral relations between the two countries.
June 19, 1953	National Security Council Report, NSC 158, 'United States Objectives and Actions to Exploit the Unrest in the Satellite States' Recommendations adopted by the National Security Council at the suggestion of the Psychological Strategy Board on covert actions to be undertaken in the Soviet Satellite States. Authorized by the National Security Council, NSC 158 envisaged aggressive psychological warfare to exploit and heighten the unrest behind the Iron Curtain. The policy was endorsed by President Eisenhower on June 26, 1953.
November 23, 1960	International Operations Division, Management Turmoil at Radio Free Europe The IOD officer responsible for RFE informs Cord Meyer of the turmoil in the RFE Czechoslovak Service. He opines that resignation of the RFE Munich leadership [European Director Erik Hazelhoff and his deputies David Penn and Charles J. McNeill] “would be an extremely healthy thing.”
October 20, 1962	Telegram from Polish Embassy in Washington (Drozniak) Drozniak compiles information he has collected from US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs William R. Tyler and US Ambassador at Large Llewellyn E. Thompson on the rising Cuban situation and US-USSR relations.
March 31, 1984	KGB Report on New Elements in US Policy toward the European Socialist Countries Information from the KGB shared with the Stasi about a high-level review of US policy by the Department of State. Presidential Directive [NS-NSDD] 54 from [September] 1982 made the main US objective to subvert Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
December 2, 1964	Stasi Report on Meetings with the KGB, 30 November-1 December 1964 Meetings between KGB Chairman Semichastny and East German Minister for State Security Mielke. Topics of discussion include Lyndon B. Johnson's recent election in the United States, Khrushchev's ouster from the Kremlin, Sino-Soviet relation, and Khrushchev's son-in-law Alexei Adzhubei.
April 12, 1957	Journal of Soviet Ambassador to the DPRK A.M. Puzanov for 12 April 1957 During his visits with Eastern European ambassadors to the DPRK, Puzanov hears reports about the Hungarian "counterrevolutionary uprising" and the DPRK's economic needs.
October 25, 1962	Cable from Dutch Embassy, Washington (Van Roijen), 25 October 1962 Van Roijen relates in this cable the details of a meeting with the US State Department's Bureau of Western European Affairs. With regards to Cuba, the Soviets assured the United States that they would not supply Cuba with offensive military weapons and even detailed the ranges of the missiles shipped. The construction of the bases was done in such haste that no attempt to conceal them was made, indicating the construction was on a time limit. These along with several other factors (the 1961 Berlin crisis, internal pressure within the Soviet Union) had convinced the administration that the Soviets had the fixed determination to confront the US.
October 23, 1962	Telegram from Swiss Ambassador in Washington Lindt regarding briefing by Assistant Secretary of State William Tyler Before a briefing of the neutral ambassadors by US Secretary of State Dean Rusk, William Tyler, Assistant Secretary for European Affairs, asks the Swiss diplomat to meet with him. After Tyler expressed thanks on behalf of the USA for what Switzerland has done, and will yet do in the future, for the American interests in Cuba, he said that he wished to inform the Swiss official more extensively than Rusk would be able to do in front of the assembled group of ambassadors. They mostly discuss Soviet missile deployed in Cuba.

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Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich 31

United States. Central Intelligence Agency 20

James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) 19

Hartmann, Peter 16

Yeltsin, Boris 14

Soviet Union 153

United States 119

Western Europe 71

Helmut Kohl Transcripts 32

ACRS Oral History Project 20

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe 19

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 19