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Western Europe

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Italy

North Atlantic Council Meeting, Lisbon, June 1985

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series

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Italy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Euromissiles Crisis

Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

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Italy. Ministry of Defense

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Soviet Union. Committee for State Security (KGB)

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Alessandrini, Adolfo

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Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

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Fulci, Francesco Paolo

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May 18, 1972	Speech by the Minister of Defense Franco Restivo, 'Tactical use of nuclear weapons, in see, in the Mediterranean area' (NPG, Copenhagen, May 1972) Speech by the Minister of Defense providing an overview of the Nuclear Planning Group meeting in Copenhagen. Focuses on the problems of "when" and "why" of employment of nuclear arms in Europe.
July 18, 1972	Nuclear Planning Group, 11th meeting at the level of Ministers of Defense (Copenhagen, May 18th-19th 1972) Document sent from Minister of Defense Tanassi to Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti. Topics discussed: comparison of strategic forces (NATO and USSR), studies on potential use of nuclear arms by member states, and the problems of internal consultation within NATO.
October 15, 1972	Ministry of Foreign Affairs Note, 'French military nuclear policy and its consequences for the European unification' The note suggests that French motives for developing nuclear capabilities are political rather than based on national security considerations. France seeks to insure a key role in global political and military balance, and its behavior creates unfavorable conditions for the development of common European defense.
November 29, 1972	Letter by Italian Ambassador in Bonn, Mario Luciolli, to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Giuseppe Medici A letter from Mario Luciolli, the Italian Ambassador to Bonn, to Foreign Minister Giuseppe Medici. Luciolli discusses problems of both conventional and nuclear defense in Western Europe, expressing concerns over the credibility of NATO's involvement on the continent and advocating for further European integration.
February 27, 1986	Brussels to Department of External Affairs (Canada), 'Zero Option and the Europeans' Canadian officials warned of disagreement to come between the Europeans and the Americans over the “zero option,” the longstanding proposal to reduce both US and Soviet INF to zero. This dispatch from Brussels reported “substantial unhappiness” amongst the Europeans that the United States and the Soviet Union would discuss disarmament “even if neither of them believed in it.” Nuclear deterrence had prevented war in Europe for the preceding four decades, and US-Soviet discussions of disarmament only made it even more difficult to convince public opinion of deterrence’s continued importance
February 19, 1986	Brussels–NATO (BNATO) to Department of External Affairs (Canada), 'Alliance Problems Over INF' In a flurry of cables from February 1986, Canadian assessments focused on a chronic issue within NATO: consultation within the alliance. As this dispatch from Brussels concluded, paraphrasing Winston Churchill, “NATO nuclear collective consultation is the worst form, except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”
February 17, 1986	Washington, DC to Department of External Affairs (Canada), 'Alliance Problems Over INF' In a flurry of cables from February 1986, Canadian assessments focused on a chronic issue within NATO: in consultation within the alliance. The Special Consultative Group was used as a forum to “air views of allies,” hold briefings on the current state of negotiations, and to share a new negotiating position right before it was tabled. Canadian officials also warned of disagreement to come between the Europeans and the Americans over the “zero option,” the longstanding proposal to reduce both US and Soviet INF to zero.
May 25, 1988	Georgi Shakhnazarov, 'Comments on the Report of [Commander-in-Chief of the Warsaw Treaty Organization Marshal] V.G. Kulikov at the Conference of the PCC [Political Consultation Committee] of the Warsaw Treaty' Reaction to V.G. Kulikov's report at the Conference of the Political Consultation Committee of the Warsaw Treaty regarding arms sales and military armaments in socialist countries, compared to NATO military policies.
September 15, 1955	Visit to Radio Free Europe by NATO Officers Record of an informational visit to RFE by NATO military officers in the midst of a conference on psychological warfare. Attached are detailed descriptions of its operations that RFE provided to the officers.
July 19, 1949	Cable from Moscow to the Foreign Office The British ambassador to the Soviet Union and Stalin meet to discuss relations between their two countries. Conversation focused primarily on British intentions within NATO and reconstruction efforts.

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Italy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 41

Italy. Ministry of Defense 23

Soviet Union. Committee for State Security (KGB) 21

Alessandrini, Adolfo 20

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich 15

United States 199

Western Europe 155

Soviet Union 108

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series 124

Cuban Missile Crisis 36

Helmut Kohl Transcripts 32

Euromissiles Crisis 26

Intelligence Operations in the Cold War 26