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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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North America

United States

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Eastern Europe

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

Warsaw Pact

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Nikita Khrushchev Collection

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC)

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Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Photograph from the 1995 NPT Review Conference

The 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference

Michal Onderco

Onderco, Michal

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East German Uprising

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906 - 1982

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Gomułka, Władysław

1905 - 1982

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894 - 1971

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September 13, 2018	Oral History Interview with Richard Butler The interview with Richard Butler, conducted by Michal Onderco, examines Australia’s proactive role in nuclear arms control and disarmament during the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference. Butler discusses Australia’s bipartisan commitment to non-proliferation and the influence of its uranium resources and regional concerns, including French nuclear testing in the Pacific, on its policies. He highlights Australia’s diplomatic efforts, particularly engaging Israel to support the NPT’s objectives and collaborating with South Africa to advance disarmament proposals at the conference. Butler criticizes the U.S.-led push for an early pledge of indefinite extension as counterproductive and recounts his role in fostering consensus through private diplomacy. He concludes with reflections on the systemic issues of nuclear non-proliferation, the challenges of implementing NPT principles, and his cautious optimism during that period for eventual nuclear disarmament. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
August 18, 1952	Report, Zhou Enlai to Chairman Mao [Zedong] and the Central Committee Zhou reports on the initial plans for his visit to Moscow and some of the conversations he's held concerning the Korean War.
March 20, 1969	Stenographic Transcript of the Meeting of the Political Consultative Committee of the Member States of the Warsaw Treaty on 17 March 1969 in Budapest At a meeting in Budapest, members of the Political Consultative Committee of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact), including delegations from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, the German Democratic Republic, Romania, and the Soviet Union, discuss and vote on principles for the Joint Forces and the Committee of the Ministers of Defense as well as other areas of military coordination.
February 26, 1960	MAE-MD Joint Report on Question of Disarmament Report of the Joint MAE-MD working group on the issue of disarmament. The report is centered on the 10 military milestones of the Italian position (reduction of budgets for the defense, of actuals and armaments, balanced disarmament, weapons and nuclear secrets, cessation of experiments nuclear, special status zones, special defensive needs of Italy, abolition of US bases, Atlantic defense). It contains comments and suggestions related to different disengagement modalities in Central Europe. Included is a letter by CSMD A. Rossi to MD Andreotti with observations on the MAE report.
April 9, 1968	Excerpts from Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev’s speech at the April 1968 Plenum of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party Brezhnev discusses negotiations with the United States over the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
December 14, 1957	John Foster Dulles, Memorandum of Conversation with Chancellor Adenauer Conversation between John Foster Dulles and Chancellor Adenauer at a NATO meeting. Dulles learned from Adenauer that the French-West German project on nuclear weapons research would soon come to include Italy, to which Dulles expressed reservations and suggested a broader arrangement including the U.S. and the U.K.
October 12, 2016	Oral History Interview with Tadeusz Strulak Polish ambassador and chairman of the Drafting Committee at the 1995 NPT review conference.
September 22, 2016	Oral History Interview with John Simpson Co-founder of the Programme for Promoting Nuclear Non-Proliferation (PPNN) and director of the Mountbatten Centre for International Studies (MCIS
October 14, 2016	Oral History Interview with Jaap Ramaker Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva.
June 12, 2017	Oral History Interview with Abdul Minty Advisor to South Africa’s Foreign Minister Alfred Nzo and member of the South African delegation to the 1995 review conference.