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Middle East

Group photo from the Arms Control and Regional Security Working Group Operational Basket Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, April 4-6, 1995.

ACRS Oral History Project

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Northern Africa

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

1989 -

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

Egyptian Pyramids

Northern Africa

Egypt

The Kremlin, Russia

Eastern Europe

Russia

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Fahmy, Nabil‏

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Pomper, Miles

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Notte, Hanna

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Ivry, David

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Levite, Ariel ("Eli")

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Photograph from the 1995 NPT Review Conference

The 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference

Indian Nuclear History

East German Uprising

Nikita Khrushchev Collection

Interviews by Avner Cohen

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November 2021	The ACRS Working Group Oral History Roundtable On 3-4 November 2021, on the heels of the 30th anniversary of the 1991 Madrid Conference, the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) and the Nuclear Proliferation International History Project (NPIHP) at the Wilson Center hosted a virtual roundtable as part of their 1990s Arms Control and Regional Security (ACRS) Working Group oral history project. The event convened around 20 former ACRS delegates from key regional and extra-regional states for an in-depth exchange on their personal recollections from the ACRS process. In four sessions, which were conducted virtually over two days, participants revisited: the genesis of ACRS; the format and process of the ACRS Working Group; fault lines and inflection points during ACRS; and its successes, failures, and lessons learnt from the process.
June 29, 2020	Interview and Discussion with Sir Malcolm Rifkind Discussion with Sir Malcolm Rifkind, former Defense Secretary and Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom, about the 1990s and the new relationship that formed after the Cold War.
2019	Elie Geisler, 'The Israeli Nuclear Drama of May 1967: A Personal Testimony' Elie Geisler received training as a radiation-safety officer while serving as a solider at Dimona from 1964 to 1966. As the crisis escalated in late May 1967, Geisler was summoned to meet the head of the Minhal Madaii—the secret scientific administration in charge of the nuclear project—who gave him a special assignment: guarding a radioactive “package” to be placed under heavy security. The following testimony was relayed to Avner Cohen through several interviews and follow-up conversations and email exchanges.
September 13, 2018	Oral History Interview with Richard Butler The interview with Richard Butler, conducted by Michal Onderco, examines Australia’s proactive role in nuclear arms control and disarmament during the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference. Butler discusses Australia’s bipartisan commitment to non-proliferation and the influence of its uranium resources and regional concerns, including French nuclear testing in the Pacific, on its policies. He highlights Australia’s diplomatic efforts, particularly engaging Israel to support the NPT’s objectives and collaborating with South Africa to advance disarmament proposals at the conference. Butler criticizes the U.S.-led push for an early pledge of indefinite extension as counterproductive and recounts his role in fostering consensus through private diplomacy. He concludes with reflections on the systemic issues of nuclear non-proliferation, the challenges of implementing NPT principles, and his cautious optimism during that period for eventual nuclear disarmament. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
April 12, 2017	Oral History Interview with Nabil Fahmy The interview with Nabil Fahmy provides an in-depth view of Egypt’s position and strategies during the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference. Fahmy emphasizes Egypt's focus on addressing regional asymmetries, particularly Israel's nuclear ambiguity, while advocating for global disarmament and non-proliferation. He reflects on Egypt's frustrations with unfulfilled promises from the U.S. and Israel, including failed bilateral and multilateral talks like ACRS, which underpinned Egypt’s skepticism toward the indefinite extension of the NPT. Despite knowing that indefinite extension was inevitable, Egypt used the Middle East resolution as leverage, securing its inclusion as part of the final package. Fahmy underscores Egypt's practical yet principled stance, acknowledging the challenges of disarmament and the limits of what could realistically be achieved given the prevailing geopolitical dynamics. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
April 4, 2018	Oral History Interview with Jean duPreez Member of South Africa’s delegation to the 1995 NPT review conference.
November 14, 2016	Oral History Interview with Uta Zapf Chairperson of the subcommittee for "Disarmament, Arms Control, and Nonproliferation" of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the German Bundestag.
November 30, 2016	Oral History Interview with Sha Zukang Ambassador for Disarmament Affairs and Deputy Permanent Representative of the People’s Republic of China to the United Nations Office at Geneva.
June 20, 2017	Oral History Interview with Tariq Rauf Expert Advisor to Canada’s delegation to the 1995 review conference.
October 14, 2016	Oral History Interview with Jaap Ramaker Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva.