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Soviet Union

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South Asia

India

Indian Nuclear History

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Nuclear Proliferation

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Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Pakistani Nuclear History

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United States. Department of State

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Programme for Promoting Nuclear Non-Proliferation (PPNN)

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Sanders, Ben

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United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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August 18, 1960	Note by CSMD on IRBM Brief Analysis by CSMD on political-military aspects of IRBM and Polaris
June 13, 1960	Report on SHAPE meeting Analysis by the Head of the Italian Delegation to the North Atlantic Council (Alessandrini) of SHAPE meeting chaired by Gen. Norstad to examine Western/Soviet missile balance.
March 23, 1963	From the Journal of A.I. Alekseyev, 'Record of a Conversation with Fidel Castro, Prime Minister of the Republic of Cuba, 6 February 1963' Fidel Castro addresses his controversial speech at the Congress of Women of America and contention over Soviet missiles and troops in Cuba.
April 9, 1968	Excerpts from Andrei A. Gromyko’s speech at the April 1968 Plenum of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party Gromyko discusses negotiations over the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
April 9, 1968	Excerpts from Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev’s speech at the April 1968 Plenum of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party Brezhnev discusses negotiations with the United States over the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
April 12, 2017	Oral History Interview with Nabil Fahmy The interview with Nabil Fahmy provides an in-depth view of Egypt’s position and strategies during the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference. Fahmy emphasizes Egypt's focus on addressing regional asymmetries, particularly Israel's nuclear ambiguity, while advocating for global disarmament and non-proliferation. He reflects on Egypt's frustrations with unfulfilled promises from the U.S. and Israel, including failed bilateral and multilateral talks like ACRS, which underpinned Egypt’s skepticism toward the indefinite extension of the NPT. Despite knowing that indefinite extension was inevitable, Egypt used the Middle East resolution as leverage, securing its inclusion as part of the final package. Fahmy underscores Egypt's practical yet principled stance, acknowledging the challenges of disarmament and the limits of what could realistically be achieved given the prevailing geopolitical dynamics. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 26, 1969	US Embassy Bonn Telegram 15293, 'NPT – Text of FRG Note on NPT Signature' This telegram detailed the conditions under which the West German's would ratify the NPT, which depended on the results of EURATOM-IAEA safeguards negotiations.
November 28, 1969	State Department Telegram 199360 to US Embassy Bonn, 'FRG and Swiss NPT Signatures' On 28 November 1969, West German Ambassador to the United States Rolf Pauls signed the NPT at the State Department and delivered a statement and a detailed note. At the signing Secretary Rogers spoke about the treaty’s value, the “historic” importance of the West German signature, the U.S. understanding that the UN Charter “confers no right to intervene by force unilaterally in the Federal Republic of Germany,” and a reaffirmation of U.S. security guarantees to NATO and the Federal Republic.
November 5, 1969	Memorandum of Conversation between Secretary of State William P. Rogers and Ambassador Helmut Roth, 'US-FRG Consultations on NPT,' with memorandum attached During these consultations on the NPT, the chief West German official, Helmut Roth, Chief of the Foreign Office’s Disarmament Section, reviewed the progress of the talks with Secretary of State Rogers. Roth emphasized the importance of the “reaffirmation” of US security commitments “at a time when [the Federal Republic] was signing a renunciation of nuclear weapons for its own defense.”
April 30, 1969	Thomas Hughes, Director, Office of Intelligence and Research, to Secretary of State, 'FRG - Further Delay on NPT Signature,' Intelligence Note-327 Noting that the same objections to the NPT remained, INR opined that some West German politicians were using them “to rationalize an opposition that is really based on nationalistic emotions and on the political advantages to be derived from playing upon these emotions.”

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Programme for Promoting Nuclear Non-Proliferation (PPNN) 61

United States. Department of State 61

Sanders, Ben 53

United States. Central Intelligence Agency 35

Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC). Politburo 30

United States 617

Soviet Union 437

Indian Nuclear History 226

Nuclear Proliferation 212

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 164

Pakistani Nuclear History 147

Israeli Nuclear History 123