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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Sino-Soviet Relations

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2012.

Southeast Asia

Vietnam

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893 - 1976

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

North Korea-China friendship celebrated at the DPRK mass games

China-North Korea Relations

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

Conversations with Zhou Enlai

Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950-1959

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879 - 1953

Photograph fo Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Beijing

China. Foreign Ministry

1949 -

Emblem of the People's Republic of China

China. State Council

1954 -

Kim Il Sung, 1978

Kim, Il Sung

1912 - 1994

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Documents

May 22, 1958	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1958, No. 18 (Overall Issue No. 145) This issue condemns the United States for its interference in Indonesia's internal affairs, highlighting China's support for Indonesia's sovereignty and anti-imperialist struggle. It also announces taxation adjustments to enhance economic efficiency and provides detailed guidance on developing and distributing agricultural machinery tailored for cooperative societies to boost productivity. The issue underscores the importance of international solidarity and domestic resource management in fostering agricultural and economic growth.
February 8, 1958	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1958, No. 5 (Overall Issue No. 132) This issue includes a statement by the Chinese government on the peaceful reunification of Korea, the declaration of several high-ranking ministry-level officials as rightists, and a report on the piglet market. It also provides a report on the use of water and water charges in irrigation areas, national rankings in weightlifting, swimming, track and field, speed skating, rock climbing, rowing, and archery. Additionally, it features a notice promoting an anti-waste mindset in higher education institutions, the emphasis on teaching materials that reflect local conditions in primary, secondary, and teacher-training schools, and measures to strengthen public health in mountainous areas.
January 18, 1958	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1958, No. 3 (Overall Issue No. 130) This issue includes a joint statement, a treaty of friendship, a business treaty, and a science and technology cooperation agreement signed between China and Yemen. It also addresses state-sponsored construction projects and work arrangements for administrative departments, particularly in the context of economic and technological cooperation between the two nations.
January 13, 1958	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1958, No. 2 (Overall Issue No. 129) This document addresses a range of reforms and policies, including the transition from traditional to simplified Chinese characters, the promotion of Mandarin as the standard Chinese language, and the adoption of the pinyin system. It discusses the implementation of the household registration system, trade relations between China and Sudan, the purchase and distribution of cotton seeds, and the requisition of land for state construction projects. In the agricultural sector, it highlights measures to boost production, the role of agricultural production cooperatives, and stock funds. Additionally, it covers cultural initiatives, such as Spring Festival entertainment activities.
January 9, 1958	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1958, No. 1 (Overall Issue No. 128) This issue includes instructions on the treatment of rural farmers, a civil affairs work plan, the establishment of counties and the revocation of autonomous prefectures, a trade agreement between China and Egypt, and technology cooperation between China and Yugoslavia. It also discusses agriculture, measures to strengthen the Ministry of Forestry’s production level, an afforestation campaign, public health initiatives, arrangements for primary and secondary school students’ winter break, construction of school buildings and improvements in education, and an order for flags to be lowered to half-staff to mark the passing of Romania's Grand National Assembly Chairman.
December 28, 1957	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1957, No. 54 (Overall Issue No. 127) This issue highlights China's support for the Soviet Union’s peace proposal, trade agreements with Sweden and Denmark, and measures to stop the migration of rural populations to urban areas. Additional sections cover preferential treatment for service members and their families during the Spring Festival, rules on handling explosives, the People’s Bank of China’s loan interest rates, coal prices from state-owned coal mines, a proposal for a Chinese phonetic alphabet, reforms to minority group writing systems, the inclusion of socialism courses in higher education institutions, rural recruitment for employment, and preventing rushed year-end spending and work completion.
December 16, 1957	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1957, No. 53 (Overall Issue No. 126) This issue features sections on China-Afghanistan economic exchanges, China-Poland healthcare cooperation, measures for constructing the 1958 state bonds, phytosanitary treatment measures, the State Council's decision to establish the Guannan, Tongru, and Shazhou autonomous prefectures, the abolishment of Huangzhu county, and policies on forest protection and fire prevention.
November 20, 1957	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1957, No. 49 (Overall Issue No. 122) This issue focuses on science and technology cooperation between China and Poland, a draft of the 1958 national economic plan, using wine as a substitute in response to grain shortages, strengthening farmland, expanding water conservancy projects, composting campaigns, improving working conditions for high-level intellectuals, and transferring active-duty officers to government positions.
November 17, 1964	Echo of Recent International Events in Cuba This document provides an in-depth analysis of Cuba's reactions to various international developments during late 1964. Cuban leaders were pleased with the radical anti-imperialist tone and diplomatic successes of the Cairo Conference of Non-Aligned Countries. Fidel Castro welcomed French President de Gaulle's anti-American stance during his Latin America trip, linking it to tensions in pro-American governments. The British Labour Party's election victory was viewed positively, fostering hopes for policies aligned with Cuba's interests. Domestically, Nikita Khrushchev's ousting in the USSR created distrust and concerns about the continuity of Soviet support. Lastly, Cuba cautiously celebrated China's first nuclear test, seeing it as a potential shift in global power dynamics favoring socialism. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
October 23, 1985	Minutes Meeting of Italian Communist Party (PCI) Politburo, Alessandro Natta's Report on the Trip to China PCI Secretary Alessandro Natta reports to the PCI Politburo on his trip to China and his meetings with Deng Xiaoping and Hu Yaobang. He also provides insights into apparent shifts in China's foreign policy, emphasizing Beijing's renewed focus on peaceful coexistence, non-alignment and engagement with the Third World.

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Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984 391

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