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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

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Eastern Europe

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Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

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Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

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Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950-1959

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

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A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

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Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2012.

Southeast Asia

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Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

North Korea-China friendship celebrated at the DPRK mass games

China-North Korea Relations

Making of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945-1950

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894 - 1971

Kim Il Sung, 1978

Kim, Il Sung

1912 - 1994

Photograph fo Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Beijing

China. Foreign Ministry

1949 -

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March 1, 1958	From the Journal of K.A. Krutikov, 'Record of a Conversation with GONG PUSHENG, Chief of the PRC MFA Department of International Organizations' Gong Pusheng outlines the competitions between the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China for representation in different international political bodies.
1958	Letter to the Deputy Chairman of the Soviet Committee of the MGG, Prof. Pushkov
September 16, 1964	Record of a Conversation between Chairman of the Council Of Ministers of the USSR, N. S. Khrushchev, and Prime Minister of the UAR, Ali Sabri Khrushchev and UAR Prime Minister Ali Sabri met to discuss recent developments in Africa, the Middle East, and global imperialism. They reviewed efforts to strengthen Arab and African unity, the ongoing conflicts in Cyprus, Yemen, and the Congo, and growing US military interventions, particularly in Vietnam. Khrushchev affirmed Soviet support for Arab states in their struggle against imperialism, while the two leaders also explored expanded Soviet assistance for agricultural development in the UAR.
September 18, 1964	Record of a Conversation between Cde. N.S. Khrushchev, Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, and S. Radhakrishnan, President of India This document summarizes a 1964 conversation between Nikita Khrushchev and Indian President S. Radhakrishnan, covering topics such as agricultural innovation, economic development, and the ongoing Sino-Indian conflict. Khrushchev criticizes China's hostility toward India and mocks Mao Zedong's leadership, expressing frustration that China resented the Soviet Union's refusal to support them against India. The discussion reflects Soviet-Indian solidarity and Khrushchev's broader disapproval of Chinese foreign policy and internal governance.
September 18, 1964	Dictation of N.S. Khrushchev on the Draft Treaty with China on Resolving Border Disputes This document captures Khrushchev’s reflections on a draft border treaty with China, in which he responds to Chinese claims that Tsarist Russia unfairly seized territory. Khrushchev argues that both Russian tsars and Chinese emperors pursued expansionist, exploitative policies and suggests that current borders are inherited from those historical systems. He emphasizes the need to resolve disputes peacefully and pragmatically, focusing on mutual recognition, socialist solidarity, and the self-determination of local populations.
September 12, 1964	Record of a Conversation between Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers N.S. Khrushchev and President of India S. Radhakrishnan Khrushchev and Indian President Radhakrishnan discuss regional tensions, including cooperation with Nepal, the situation in Kashmir, and the spread of socialism in Southeast Asia. Radhakrishnan expresses concern over Chinese aggression and reaffirms India’s commitment to peaceful solutions. Khrushchev downplays China's influence, criticizing Mao Zedong’s leadership and emphasizing the unreliability of Chinese policy. Both leaders affirm the importance of continued Soviet-Indian cooperation amid regional challenges.
June 15, 1961	Record of a Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and President Sukarno Sukarno tells Khrushchev about his trip to China and the possibilities of Chinese annexation of Taiwan. Khrushchev says the USSR fully supports the PRC's actions. The parties also discuss the reorganization of the United Nations.
July 5, 1961	Record of a Conversation between N. S. Khrushchev and Chen Yi, Deputy Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China Chen asks Khrushchev to go over the pressing international issues and he presents the USSR's stances on the situation in Laos, South Korea, and Cuba. Khrushchev also raises problems in GDR and difficulties in negotiations with Western powers with regards to the German question. Khrushchev also mentions Soviet plans to launch a spaceship and resume nuclear testing. The two leaders also discuss the challenges of agricultural development.
September 7, 1963	Comments of N.S. Khrushchev (Concerning a Statement of China) Khrushchev criticizes the Soviet response to recent Chinese statements, arguing that it has devolved into unproductive personal attacks rather than principled debate. He accuses the Chinese leadership of distorting his words, spreading false claims of disrespect toward the Chinese people and other nations, and provoking unnecessary conflict. Emphasizing the need for a clear, consistent, and dignified defense of Soviet positions, Khrushchev warns that the dispute with China will be prolonged and urges a coordinated political strategy.
February 22, 1963	Comment of N. S. Khrushchev [on China's Publication of Khrushchev's Speech at the 6th SED Congress] On 25 February 1963, Khrushchev commented on China's publication of his speech at the 6th SED Congress, noting that Chinese leaders, including Mao Zedong, indicated a willingness to stop public criticism of the Soviet Union and discuss issues directly. Khrushchev observed that this shift reflected the success of the USSR’s restrained approach, emphasizing that it would be clear to other Communist parties that the Soviet Union was not responsible for the dispute.

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Mao, Zedong 219

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Sino-Soviet Relations 743

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984 362

Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950-1959 201

China-Europe Relations 119

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