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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

Photograph of 38th parallel crossing during Korean War

Korean War, 1950-1953

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879 - 1953

Sino-Soviet Relations

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

Egyptian Pyramids

Northern Africa

Egypt

Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950-1959

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

1989 -

Group photo from the Arms Control and Regional Security Working Group Operational Basket Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, April 4-6, 1995.

ACRS Oral History Project

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893 - 1976

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin and the Cold War

Kim Il Sung, 1978

Kim, Il Sung

1912 - 1994

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Fahmy, Nabil‏

-

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Pomper, Miles

-

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February 5, 1968	Lt. Col. J. Załuska, 'Record: Information from CSSR Military Attaché, Col. Goch, obtained during a Hunt' North Korea is interested in obtaining equipment for nuclear research, and the Soviet Union has been supporting the DPRK's nascent atomic industry.
January 14, 1968	Lt. Col. J. Załuska, 'Report: Information from GDR Military Attaché Lt. Col. Schafer' Moskovsky advised Pak Geum-cheol and Kim Chang-man to cooperate with the Soviet-led socialist bloc. Conversation with Kim Il Sung and Moskovsky imply strong relations with the Soviet Union.
September 13, 2018	Oral History Interview with Richard Butler The interview with Richard Butler, conducted by Michal Onderco, examines Australia’s proactive role in nuclear arms control and disarmament during the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference. Butler discusses Australia’s bipartisan commitment to non-proliferation and the influence of its uranium resources and regional concerns, including French nuclear testing in the Pacific, on its policies. He highlights Australia’s diplomatic efforts, particularly engaging Israel to support the NPT’s objectives and collaborating with South Africa to advance disarmament proposals at the conference. Butler criticizes the U.S.-led push for an early pledge of indefinite extension as counterproductive and recounts his role in fostering consensus through private diplomacy. He concludes with reflections on the systemic issues of nuclear non-proliferation, the challenges of implementing NPT principles, and his cautious optimism during that period for eventual nuclear disarmament. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
September 6, 1952	Report, Zhou Enlai to Chairman Mao [Zedong] and the Central Committee Zhou Enlai and Stalin discuss Soviet assistance for the Chinese economy and military.
April 12, 2017	Oral History Interview with Nabil Fahmy The interview with Nabil Fahmy provides an in-depth view of Egypt’s position and strategies during the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference. Fahmy emphasizes Egypt's focus on addressing regional asymmetries, particularly Israel's nuclear ambiguity, while advocating for global disarmament and non-proliferation. He reflects on Egypt's frustrations with unfulfilled promises from the U.S. and Israel, including failed bilateral and multilateral talks like ACRS, which underpinned Egypt’s skepticism toward the indefinite extension of the NPT. Despite knowing that indefinite extension was inevitable, Egypt used the Middle East resolution as leverage, securing its inclusion as part of the final package. Fahmy underscores Egypt's practical yet principled stance, acknowledging the challenges of disarmament and the limits of what could realistically be achieved given the prevailing geopolitical dynamics. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 30, 2016	Oral History Interview with Sha Zukang Ambassador for Disarmament Affairs and Deputy Permanent Representative of the People’s Republic of China to the United Nations Office at Geneva.
February 7, 2017	Oral History Interview with Ben Sanders Co-founder of the Programme for Promoting Nuclear Non-Proliferation (PPNN) and advisor to the Conference President Dhanapala.
March 22, 2017	Oral History Interview with Thomas Graham Untied States special representative for Arms Control, Non-Proliferation, and Disarmament.
March 24, 2017	Oral History Interview with Robert Einhorn Member of the US Delegation to the 1995 NPT RevCon
April 9, 1951	Memorandum to Mr. B. Kuniholm from Enver Shakul, 'News from Sinkiang' Enver Shakul, a Xinjiang exile working at the US Embassy in Ankara, shares the latest gossip from China's northwest.

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Sino-Soviet Relations 50

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ACRS Oral History Project 26

Stalin and the Cold War 24