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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Sino-Soviet Relations

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893 - 1976

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

North Korea-China friendship celebrated at the DPRK mass games

China-North Korea Relations

The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2012.

Southeast Asia

Vietnam

Presidential Office Building of Taiwan

East Asia

Taiwan

Zhao Ziyang on a tour of East Germany in June 1987.

China-Eastern Europe Relations

Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950-1959

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879 - 1953

Emblem of the People's Republic of China

China. State Council

1954 -

Placeholder image for when a portrait image is not available

Puzanov, A. M.

-

Kim Il Sung, 1978

Kim, Il Sung

1912 - 1994

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Documents

May 23, 1958	From the Journal of S.F. Antonov, 'Record of a Conversation with Cde. Mao Zedong' On May 23, 1958, Mao Zedong met in Beijing with Soviet official N.I. Bobrovnikov to discuss China's political and economic developments. Mao emphasized the successes of socialism in the PRC, the ongoing struggle against rightists, and the importance of fighting revisionism, particularly criticizing Yugoslavia's policies. He praised Soviet support, expressed optimism about China's agricultural and industrial progress, and dismissed concerns over a lack of US. recognition.
November 23, 1979	From the Journal of A.F. Dobrynin, 'Record of a Conversation with Z Former US Secretary of State Kissinger, 23 November 1979’ In this November 1979 conversation, Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin confronted former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger over his increasingly anti-Soviet rhetoric and alignment with Republican hardliners, which Dobrynin criticized as opportunistic and damaging to détente. Kissinger defended his shift as a tactical response to domestic political pressures and his ambitions to return to government, while still insisting he valued stable Soviet-American relations. The discussion also touched on US fears of instability in Saudi Arabia, the strategic implications of Soviet and Cuban involvement in Africa, and Kissinger's belief in the need for a tacit division of global influence between the superpowers.
October 21, 1955	Office Memorandum from Walter P. McConaughy to Mr. Robertson, 'Status of Relations with GRC' Analyzes the strained relations between the United States and the Government of the Republic of China (GRC). It highlights growing policy divergences—US focusing on Taiwan’s defense and survival versus the GRC’s pursuit of military efforts to retake mainland China—and discusses issues such as the reserve training program, the Sun Li-jen case, and economic disagreements. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
April 23, 1955	Telegram to All American Diplomatic and Consular Posts, 'Enlisting Support for U.S. Policies toward Taiwan' This telegram urges American diplomatic and consular posts to promote understanding and support for the US policy of preventing Taiwan and Penghu from falling into Communist control, even at the risk of war. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 3, 1953	Office Memorandum from Mr. Ogburn to Mr. Drumright, 'Policy on Formosa' This office memorandum outlines two stark policy options regarding China and Formosa (Taiwan): either decisively commit to overthrowing the Chinese Communist regime or accept it as a permanent reality. Ogburn criticizes the existing US policy of maintaining an ambiguous stance, likening it to prolonging an untenable situation for Nationalist China, and urges clarity—whether to pursue full-scale military mobilization or to acknowledge Formosa as a permanently separated, independent entity This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
March 4, 1952	Despatch No. 389 from American Embassy Taipei to the Department of State, 'Recent American Policy Toward Formosa' This despatch summarizes US policy toward Formosa (Taiwan) as a response to the threat posed by Communist China. The document underscores the United States' commitment to neutralizing Formosa militarily to prevent Communist occupation, its provision of significant economic and military aid to strengthen Formosa's defenses, and its insistence that Formosa's future political status be determined through international consultation rather than unilateral force. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
August 26, 1950	Telegram No. 192 from the Secretary of State to the American Embassy Taipei The document discusses the US Department of State's position regarding Zhou Enlai's accusations of American "aggression" in Taiwan. It advises caution against aligning too closely with the Chinese government's responses, as this could imply US approval of their statements, potentially complicating US policy in the Far East. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
August 7, 1950	Memorandum of Conversation: American Position with respect to Formosa This document summarizes a conversation between US and Dutch officials regarding American policy toward Formosa (Taiwan).
January 5, 1950	Telegram No. 12 from the Secretary of State to Taipei The document outlines a U.S. statement reaffirming its policy of respecting China’s territorial integrity, referencing the Cairo Declaration and Potsdam Proclamation, which included returning Formosa (Taiwan) to Chinese control after Japan's surrender. Note: On the US Department of State Virtual Reading Room, this document was originally packaged together with two other records in filename C09000044.pdf. They have been separated here, but are listed below under Related Documents. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
September 16, 1958	Telegram No. 413 from Taipei to the Secretary of State This document features reports on Taiwanese editorials emphasizing military preparedness and criticizing U.S. convoy policies regarding supplies to Kinmen. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.

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Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984 136

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