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Afghan resistance fighters return to a village destroyed by Soviet forces

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

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Aerial view of National Mall

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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

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South Asia

Pakistan

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

Sino-Soviet Relations

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Najibullah, Mohammad

1947 - 1996

President Ronald Reagan, Vice-President Bush, and oviet General Secretary Gorbachev

United States-Soviet Relations

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906 - 1982

Soviet Foreign Policy

Pakistani Nuclear History

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC). Politburo

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Andrei Gromyko at the UN, 1981

Gromyko, Andrei Andreevich

1909 - 1989

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March 18, 1991	“Growing Economic Crisis in the Soviet Union and the Dead End of the Perestroika” This article from the Afghan opposition periodical, Falaq, written anonymously, criticizes the Soviet policy of Perestroika at the end of the Cold War. Contributed and translated by Siarhei Bohdan.
December 23, 1990	“Economic and Political Crisis Is One of the Consequences of Perestroika in the Soviet Union” This article by an anonymous author comes from the Afghan opposition periodical, Falaq. The author comments on the Soviet policy of Perestroika at the end of the Cold War from the Islamist perspective. Contributed and translated by Siarhei Bohdan.
July 22, 1961	Reception by Cde. N.S. Khrushchev of the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces and Prime Minister of Sudan Ibrahim Abboud Khrushchev discusses the Soviet Union's new economic program and revolutionary history with Sudanese Prime Minister Ibrahim Abboud, emphasizing the USSR's achievements and its commitment to peaceful, cooperative relations with Sudan. He critiques Western imperialism and urges Sudan to allow Soviet aid flights to the Congo, arguing that supporting anti-colonial movements is a moral duty. The conversation also touches on Sudan's domestic policies, its cautious approach to socialism, and opportunities for expanded economic and technical cooperation between the two countries.
August 30, 1982	Material for a Conversation with I. Gandhi Material from P. Kutsobin outlining information reviewed by B. N. Ponomarev to be used in a conversation with I. Gandhi. Topics for the conversation include the dangers of the arms race, Israeli aggression in the Middle East, and Soviet build up in Afghanistan. Special attention is given to how questions related to the Communist Party of India should be addressed.
December 16, 1957	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1957, No. 53 (Overall Issue No. 126) This issue features sections on China-Afghanistan economic exchanges, China-Poland healthcare cooperation, measures for constructing the 1958 state bonds, phytosanitary treatment measures, the State Council's decision to establish the Guannan, Tongru, and Shazhou autonomous prefectures, the abolishment of Huangzhu county, and policies on forest protection and fire prevention.
November 4, 1957	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1957, No. 47 (Overall Issue No. 120) This issue contains the joint statement by Zhou Enlai and the Prime Minister of Afghanistan, as well as sections on public security regulations, punishments for actions harming public security, processes for repaying agricultural enterprise loans, unified management of rural agricultural production, urban, industrial, and mining area improvements, regulations on pork supply, and a vegetable oil subsidy for high-ranking officials.
October 2, 1960	Transcript of the Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, S. Sarper On October 2, 1960, Nikita Khrushchev met with Turkish Foreign Minister Selim Sarper in New York to discuss bilateral relations, disarmament, and the global political climate. Sarper conveyed greetings from General Gürsel and emphasized Turkey’s desire for good-neighborly relations based on realism and stability. Khrushchev criticized the presence of foreign military bases in Turkey, arguing they pose risks to Turkey without enhancing security, and suggested a neutral, cooperative stance for Turkey in the Black Sea region. Both leaders discussed challenges in improving Soviet-American relations and the broader Cold War context, including the recent U-2 incident. Sarper acknowledged Turkey’s economic difficulties and expressed optimism about gradual improvements in Soviet-Turkish relations. The conversation concluded with mutual agreement on the importance of diplomatic patience and fostering personal connections between leaders to achieve peace and stability. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
March 20, 1959	Record of Conversation between Cde. N.S. Khrushchev and Mohammed El-Nil, Ambassador of the Republic of Sudan in the USSR Khrushchev discusses the Soviet Union's relationships with both Iraq and the UAR (Egypt), expressing criticism of Nasser's policies and approach to Arab unity. He voices concerns over Nasser’s political stance and the impact of his speeches, highlighting areas where Soviet and Egyptian interests diverge. Additionally, Khrushchev thanks the Sudanese Ambassador for his service as he steps down from his position.
November 15, 1986	Saddam and the Revolutionary Command Council Discuss President Ronald Reagan's Speech in which he Admitted that the United States had a Relationship with Iran This audio file contains a meeting between Saddam Hussein and the Revolutionary Command Council members to discuss the position of the US and Russia towards the Iraq war, specifically citing a Reagan speech which confirms US-Iran relations. It discusses Russia's position. Furthermore, he talks about the deal that America had offered to Iraq in which America would support Iraq with weapons and Iraq would give the US Russian tanks to be examined. Saddam comments on some of President Regan's speech like stopping the war and censuring violence. Saddam recommends sending a letter to the United States Government in which Iraq expresses its suspicions of the American positions. In addition, Saddam said that America is trying to create a misunderstanding between Iraq and Saudi Arabia, and America's desire of not leaving the alliance with Iran for the benefit of Russia will force it to achieve the Iranian ambitions in the Arabian Gulf. Then Tariq 'Aziz talks about the friendly relationships with the great countries. He said that it's a hopeless case because the great countries are running after their own benefits even if it's against its own friends. Discussion regarding America wanting to end the war through supporting Iran, also to achieve its alliance with Iran. He adds that if America follows this policy, it will commit political suicide in the region.
March 12, 1957	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1957, No. 10 (Overall Issue No. 83) This issue contains a report by Zhou Enlai's visit to 11 countries in Asia and Europe, work arrangements, export tax regulations, Japanese encephalitis, national exams, and village reassignment.