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Eastern Europe

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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

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Cuban Foreign Relations

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George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

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Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

Fidel Castro, 1959.

Castro, Fidel

1926 - 2016

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

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Stalin, Joseph

1879 - 1953

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National Security Council (U.S.)

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De Klerk, F. W. (Frederik Willem)

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January 28, 1972	Czechoslovak Embassy in Havana to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 6th Territorial Department, 'Cuba-Latin America-USA Relations in the Second Half of 1971' The document discusses Cuba's evolving foreign relations in the second half of 1971, emphasizing its efforts to normalize ties with Latin American countries and reduce its isolation. Key achievements include strengthened relations with Chile and Peru, entry into the "Group of 77," and growing interest among Latin American states in reestablishing connections with Cuba, despite U.S. opposition. Fidel Castro's high-profile visit to Chile and growing support for Cuba within the region are contrasted with the stagnation of US-Cuban relations, where Cuba remains a contentious issue in American politics. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
January 9, 1961	J. Miller, 'The Danger of Military Aggression against Cuba and a Proposal for Further Measures of Czechoslovak Intelligence in Support of Revolutionary Cuba' The head of the Czechoslovak intelligence observed that the interruption of diplomatic relations with the US in January 1961 brought the immediate danger of military aggression against Cuba.
June 1972	Explanatory Report on the Visit of the Chairman of the Cuban Revolutionary Government and First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, Comrade Fidel Castro, and His Entourage to Czechoslovakia Castro and Husák discuss recent developments in Cuba and Czechoslovakia. Castro recounts the history of the Cuban revolution, while Husák explains the crisis of 1968-1969 in Czechoslovakia.
July 3, 1957	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1957, No. 27 (Overall Issue No. 100) This issue contains the text of Zhou Enlai's "Report on the Work of the Government," originally delivered on June 26, 1957. It also contains a protest of the United States' violation of the Korean armistice agreement by importing "new weapons" to South Korea, a note to the British Government protesting the UK's intervention in allowing Chiang Kai-shek's regime to land an aircraft in Hong Kong and bring supporters to Taiwan, Bulgaria-China economic relations, China-Czechoslovakia economic relations, and increasing cooking oil production.
June 2, 1992	Meeting between ChefBK Bohl and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger on 2 June 1992, 11:00 Hours Eagleburger reviews his most recent visits in Russia, Bulgaria, Albania, the CSFR and Romania. Bohl and Eagleburger discuss the security of nuclear power plants in Russia, the CIS and Eastern Europe as a pivotal theme for the agenda of the 1992 Munich World Economic Summit. Eagleburger sees no chance for U.S. financial support for Russia prior to the 1992 Presidential elections.
April 1, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Polish President Walesa on Tuesday, 31 March 1992 Kohl and Walesa talk about Poland's eagerness for EC membership and their shared irritation about general Western reservation in terms of EC enlargement. They discuss the desire of the Visegrad countries for NATO membership. Kohl reiterates his aim to to have a relationship with Poland that was similar to the German friendship with France.
September 16, 1991	Memorandum of Conversation: Meeting with Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of Germany, September 16, 1991, 1:30-2:30pm This memorandum documents a broader meeting involving senior U.S. and German officials, addressing global challenges and German-American relations. Chancellor Kohl highlighted Germany's domestic recovery post-reunification, acknowledging difficulties in the former East German states and economic adjustments. He praised U.S. leadership in the Middle East peace process and reiterated Germany's refusal to fund Israeli settlements. On Soviet Union matters, Kohl supported aid to stabilize the region but stressed the need for a functioning central government to ensure arms control and economic reforms. He urged a collaborative international response to food aid and debt challenges. Discussions extended to Yugoslavia's disintegration, with concerns about potential civil war and the implications of ethnic and religious divides. Kohl and the U.S. team emphasized cautious engagement to prevent broader European instability. Kohl also highlighted the importance of German-American scientific collaborations and the need to counter Japanese economic influence globally. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
May 1963	Undated, untitled memorandum on Soviet-US Negotiations for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty An undated memorandum, produced most likely in the late spring of 1963 (most likely in May) that outlines Soviet thinking on the most recent discussions with US representatives on the nuclear nonproliferation treaty. The memorandum is crystal clear that the key goal for Soviet negotiators was to avoid West German control over nuclear weapons. This is why Moscow opposed the idea of a Multilateral Nuclear Force. However, Soviet officials also admitted that it was better to agree to a treaty that did not explicitly prohibit a multilateral nuclear force as long as their US counterparts committed not to let West German authorities have an authoritative role in authorizing nuclear-weapon use
May 1968	Memo to V. V. Kuznetsov Regarding Proposed Clarifications to the NPT This memo to Vasily Kuznetsov, First Deputy Foreign Minister of the USSR, includes proposed amendments and clarifications to various articles and sections of the NPT. Topics of the proposed amendments include an emphasis on the continued importance of sovereignty and territorial integrity and the exchange of research and technology on peaceful uses of nuclear technology. The document also describes how to proceed in negotiations with the American side, as well as with several Warsaw Pact countries, and to telegraph once the requests in the memo have been delivered.
June 27, 1991	National Intelligence Daily for Thursday, 27 June 1991 The CIA’s National Intelligence Daily for Thursday, 27 June describes the latest developments in Yugoslavia, USSR, Cambodia, Philippines and India.