Written by Young Turk political activist, Ottoman exile in Europe, avowed Positivist, and eventually first President of the Ottoman Chamber of Deputies after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, Ahmed Rıza (b.1858-d.1930).the author argues that Japan had acquired Great Power status and actually surpassed European civilization by modernizing while preserving their cultural essence, which he called “yellow civilization,” as a twist on the West’s racist fears of “Yellow Peril” in the early 20th century.