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Western Europe

France

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Western Europe

Great Britain

Sino-Soviet Relations

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

Japan's Itsukushima Shrine

East Asia

Japan

Conversations with Mao Zedong

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894 - 1971

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893 - 1976

Anastas Mikoyan in 1959

Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich

1895 - 1978

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Cropped photograph of Soviet politician, Vyacheslav Molotov.

Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich

1890 - 1986

Photo of the Geneva Conference of 1954

Geneva Conference of 1954

Photograph of Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, 1945

Chinese Civil War, 1946-1950

Making of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945-1950

Official Chinese Communist Party portrait of Liu Shaoqi.

Liu, Shaoqi

1898 - 1969

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November 17, 1964	Echo of Recent International Events in Cuba This document provides an in-depth analysis of Cuba's reactions to various international developments during late 1964. Cuban leaders were pleased with the radical anti-imperialist tone and diplomatic successes of the Cairo Conference of Non-Aligned Countries. Fidel Castro welcomed French President de Gaulle's anti-American stance during his Latin America trip, linking it to tensions in pro-American governments. The British Labour Party's election victory was viewed positively, fostering hopes for policies aligned with Cuba's interests. Domestically, Nikita Khrushchev's ousting in the USSR created distrust and concerns about the continuity of Soviet support. Lastly, Cuba cautiously celebrated China's first nuclear test, seeing it as a potential shift in global power dynamics favoring socialism. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
August 1, 1958	Second Conversation of N.S. Khrushchev with Mao Zedong, August 1, 1958, in Zhongnanhai On this second day of the talks, international affairs were the main topic of conversation. From the Soviet record, which like those of the first and the next discussion, was made by Fedorenko and the third secretary of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs Anatolii I. Filyov, it is evident that the atmosphere was fully relaxed, anti-imperialism brought the communist leaders together. Both hated America, Great Britain, France, West Germany, Japan, and their leaders. They discussed the situation in the Near East in detail and were heartened by the victory of leftist forces in Iraq. They joked a lot. And only at the end did Mao lightly touch upon his claims to Khrushchev, who at once reminded the Chinese leader of the Soviet advisors. It was obvious that this question continued to bother him, and Khrushchev exacerbated his grievance.
August 10, 1959	Comments of N.S. Khrushchev In this document, N. S. Khrushchev provides wide-ranging comments on various geopolitical and diplomatic issues. He criticizes the US for holding onto outdated alliances like Taiwan, emphasizing the need to normalize relations and reduce tensions globally. Khrushchev discusses Middle Eastern instability, particularly in Iran, warning against U.S. interference and emphasizing self-determination for colonized nations. He also addresses disarmament, arguing that military bases are a source of tension and advocating for a phased withdrawal of troops and arms control measures. Additional topics include the complexities of summit diplomacy, Lend-Lease repayment disputes, and his correspondence with world leaders such as Macmillan, De Gaulle, and Nehru, stressing the importance of aligning messages to maintain good relations. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 10, 1956	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1956, No. 40 (Overall Issue No. 66) This issue begins by denouncing British and French aggression against Egypt during the Suez Canal Crisis. It also includes a Chinese statement about the Soviet Declaration "to Strengthen Friendship and Cooperation [with] Other Socialist States," which acknowledges tensions between socialist countries and the need to address people's demands in Hungary and Poland. The next sections feature a message from Zhou Enlai to János Kádár, who would lead Hungary after the failed Revolution of 1956, and Sino-Nepali correspondence.
August 3, 1965	Conversation from [Mao Zedong's] Audience with the French Minister of [Cultural] Affairs, [Georges André] Malraux Mao and Malraux discuss a variety of topics, ranging from the Chinese revolution to American aggression in Vietnam and Soviet revisionism.
January 17, 1990	National Intelligence Daily for Wednesday, 17 January 1990 The National Intelligence Daily for January 17, 1990, discusses the latest developments in the Soviet Union, East Germany, and Iraq. One withheld section of this NID, "Special Analysis: Albania: Intimations of Another Romania," was released in 2019.
August 24, 1991	National Intelligence Daily for Saturday, 24 August 1991 The CIA’s National Intelligence Daily for 24 August 1991 describes the latest developments in the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Cambodia, Lebanon, France, El Salvador, South Africa, China and Iran.
November 3, 1973	Cablegram from the Australian Embassy Peking, 'Prime Minister's Call on Chairman Mao' A "slow but articulate" Mao discuss nuclear weapons testing, Taiwan, and the Lin Biao affair with E.G. Whitlam.
March 31, 1965	Record of the Second Meeting between Premier Zhou and President Ben Bella The document records a conversation between Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai and Algerian President Ben Bella, focusing on their shared opposition to imperialism and their support for Vietnam's struggle against US aggression. They discuss international dynamics, including the Soviet Union's inconsistent stance on Vietnam, Algeria’s efforts to mediate regional conflicts, and broader issues affecting Asia and Africa, such as the Second Asian-African Conference and United Nations reform. Both leaders emphasize the importance of solidarity among socialist and anti-imperialist nations while critiquing the actions of imperialist forces in Africa and Southeast Asia. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 9, 1944	Letter No. 402 from L.D. Wilgress, Canadian Embassy, Moscow, to the Secretary of State for External Affairs, W.L. Mackenzie King The Canadian Ambassador to the Soviet Union, L.D. Wilgress, thoroughly reviews Soviet foreign policy in Europe, Asia, and in Latin America and its relations with the United States and the United Kingdom. Wilgress optimistically concludes that "the Soviet Government are desirous of co-operating fully with the other great powers."